Projects per year
Personal profile
Short bio
Carolyn Cole is a Research Scientist in VTT's Quantitative Science and Technology Studies team under the Foresight and Data Economy research area. She is also pursuing a doctoral degree in Economics and Business Administration at LUT School of Business. Her research focuses on the private sector's interaction with sustainability and social responsibility, with special attention to the role of public funding and policy mechanisms. Her expertise lies in quantitative methods and she specializes in the development of AI augmented research pipelines, centering on human-in-the-loop approaches and ethical practices. Recent applications have included technological foresight, social life cycle assessment, alternative economic scenarios, innovation policy, and energy justice.
Prior to VTT, Carolyn's work covered sustainable finance and ESG reporting intiatives with a focus on EU regulation. She has previously worked on antitrust economics at NERA Economic Consulting, where she designed and implemented predictive and inferential models for federal competition policy cases. Carolyn holds an MSc in Social Policy and Social Research and a BA in Economics & Mathematics. Carolyn's current research interests cross topics of innovation, technology, social and environmental sustainability, and new economic paradigms.
Education/Academic qualification
Master of Science, Social Policy and Social Research (Quantitative), University College London
2020 → 2021
Award Date: 1 Dec 2021
Bachelor of Arts, Economics/Mathematics, Reed College
2015 → 2017
Award Date: 15 May 2017
Doctorate, Economic and Business Administration, Lappeenranta University of Technology, School of Business
15 Aug 2024 → …
Skills and expertise
- Data Analysis
- Statistical Analysis
- Econometrics
- Quantitative Methods
- Policy Analysis
- Social Research
- Social Policy
- Sustainable Finance Regulation
- Innovation Systems
- Strategic Foresight
- Spatial Analysis
- Entrepreneurship
- R/Stata/Python/SQL
- Azure
- Large Language Models
- Artificial Intelligence
Expertise related to UN Sustainable Development Goals
In 2015, UN member states agreed to 17 global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all. This person’s work contributes towards the following SDG(s):
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SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being
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SDG 5 Gender Equality
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SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation
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SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
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SDG 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth
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SDG 9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
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SDG 10 Reduced Inequalities
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SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
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SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production
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SDG 15 Life on Land
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SDG 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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SDG 17 Partnerships for the Goals
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Collaborations and top research areas from the last five years
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TRIM: Transforming Immigration Systems for Future Skills
Suominen, A. (PI), Hajikhani, A. (Participant), Cole, C. (Participant), Deschryvere, M. (Participant) & Rilla, N. (Participant)
1/10/25 → 30/09/28
Project: Research Council of Finland
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Tulevaisuuden metsäelinkeino 2045
Apilo, T. (Manager), Tahvanainen, A.-J. (Owner), Huuhanmäki, J. (Participant), Wallin, A. (Participant), Komonen, P. (Participant), Nousiainen, A. (Participant) & Cole, C. (Participant)
1/08/25 → 31/08/26
Project: Research
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MultiFutures: Multidimensional Transition Pathway Analysis for Sustainable Futures: Exploring Alternative Paradigms and Broadening Policy Options through Innovative Scenario Development
Koljonen, T. (Manager), Vainikainen, S. (Participant), Ashouri, S. (Participant), Seisto, A. (Participant), Hajikhani, A. (Participant), Cole, C. (Participant), Lehtilä, A. (Participant), Järnefelt, V. (Participant) & Eerolainen, L. (Participant)
1/01/24 → 30/06/27
Project: EU project
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DS2: DataSpace, DataShare 2.0
Soininen, J.-P. (Manager), Luoma, R. (Participant), Ford, R. (Participant), Cole, C. (Participant), Hajikhani, A. (Participant), Vehmas, K. (Participant), Pussinen, P. (Participant), Kalaoja, J. (Participant), Suksi, J. (Participant) & Halme, J. (Participant)
1/01/24 → 31/12/26
Project: EU project
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W2W: A Wood-to-Wood Cascade Upcycling Valorisation Approach
Martins, J. (Manager), Ashouri, S. (Participant), Cole, C. (Participant), Hajikhani, A. (Participant), Oksanen, J. (Participant) & Leinonen, A. (Participant)
1/01/24 → 31/12/27
Project: EU project
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A Novel Approach to Innovation Mapping Using Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs
Rytky, M., Cole, C., Deschryvere, M. & Hajikhani, A., 2026, (Submitted) In: Scientometrics.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review
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Trend Report: Trends and Weak Signals Analysis for European Research Infrastructures and Technology Infrastructures
Cole, C., Deschryvere, M. & Martins, J. T., 22 Apr 2026, European Commission EC. 126 p.Research output: Book/Report › Report
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Weak Signal Detection in Quantitative Foresight: A New Method for Large-Scale Data Using Large Language Models
Ashouri, S., Cole, C., Hajikhani, A., Tahvanainen, A.-J., Arnold, M. & Suominen, A., 1 Apr 2026, Technology Mining: Text Analytics for Evidence-Based Foresight. Springer, p. 99-123Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter or book article › Scientific › peer-review
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Anticipatory governance of emerging technologies: White paper
Lehenkari, J., Lähteenmäki-Smith, K., Leväsluoto, J., Hämäläinen, H. & Cole, C., 3 Mar 2025, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. 24 p. (VTT White Paper, Vol. 2025).Research output: Book/Report › Report
Open AccessFile845 Downloads (Pure) -
A Validated Framework for Large Language Model-Augmented Systematic Literature Reviews: Methodology and Application
Cole, C., Vainikainen, S., Eerolainen, L., Correia, S., Koljonen, T., Hajikhani, A. & Faehnle, M., 2025, (Accepted/In press) How to Use LLMs in Your Research: A Practical Guide for Science of Science, as well as STI Policy, Innovation Management and Economics. Beaudry, C., Lepori, B., Chiarello, F., Giordano, V., Pulizzotto, D. & Cruciata, P. (eds.). Edward Elgar Publishing LtdResearch output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter or book article › Scientific › peer-review
Equipment
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SFINNO 2.0 – Advancing the Database of Finnish Innovations
Hajikhani, A. (Manager), Deschryvere, M. (Contact), Cole, C. (Administrator), Rytky, M. (Administrator), Vainikainen, S. (Administrator) & Schmidt, R. (Administrator)
Quantitative science and technology studiesFacility/equipment: Service
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Justice in energy transition - an AI augmented systematic review
Eerolainen, L. (Contributor), Correia, S. (Contributor), Koljonen, T. (Contributor), Cole, C. (Contributor), Vainikainen, S. (Contributor), Faehnle, M. (Speaker) & Kivimaa, P. (Contributor)
26 Aug 2025Activity: Talk or presentation types › Conference presentation
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Advanced research methods by AI
Hajikhani, A. (Speaker), Cole, C. (Speaker) & Schmidt, R. (Speaker)
10 Mar 2025 → 11 Mar 2025Activity: Talk or presentation types › Keynote or plenary presentation
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Advanced Research Methods by AI
Cole, C. (Speaker) & Hajikhani, A. (Speaker)
28 Aug 2024 → 29 Aug 2024Activity: Talk or presentation types › Keynote or plenary presentation
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AI for Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy” (AI4STIP) EU-SPRI Early Career Researcher Winter School
Hajikhani, A. (Speaker) & Cole, C. (Speaker)
13 Nov 2023 → 17 Nov 2023Activity: Talk or presentation types › Keynote or plenary presentation