TY - JOUR
T1 - A screen-printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode with long-term stability for electroanalytical applications
AU - Dawkins, Rebecca C
AU - Wen, Dingchen
AU - Hart, Judy N
AU - Vepsäläinen, Mikko
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Department of Education and Training of the Australian Government via a Postgraduate Research Training Program Scholarship and the CSIRO via a Top-Up Scholarship to RCD. Appreciation is also extended to CSIRO colleagues Mr. Mike Horne, Mrs. Luda Malishev, Mr. David Macedo, and Mr. Cameron Davidson for their assistance.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021
PY - 2021/10/10
Y1 - 2021/10/10
N2 - Low-cost sensor arrays are required to allow for real-time, in-situ electrochemical monitoring using Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems; however, they are currently not practical due to a lack of stable, mass-producible reference electrodes. To solve this problem, in this work we have developed a screen-printed Ag/AgCl true reference electrode with an offset salt reservoir on a flexible substrate for use in disposable, low-cost sensor arrays. A KCl-containing poly(vinyl acetate) ink was prepared as the solid-state electrolyte, and a PDMS junction membrane was deposited to suppress electrolyte leaching. The potentials of the electrodes with and without the electrolyte and junction membranes were measured versus a commercial saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE) in 0.1 M K2SO4 solution. Potential stability of -45.5 ± 3 mV vs. SCE with low drift was maintained for up to 27 days for electrodes containing both the electrolyte and PDMS layers, compared to less than 1 day without the PDMS junction. The electrodes were found to be stable in solutions at different pH and were also insensitive to most interfering ionic species, including SO42−, I−, Br−, Cl−, F−, Li+, Na+, and K+, under continuous potential measurement with an impedance of ∼ 15 kΩ at 106 Hz. The results demonstrate that the present printed reference electrodes are stable for an extended period and therefore well suited for use in electroanalytical systems for high volume IoT applications.
AB - Low-cost sensor arrays are required to allow for real-time, in-situ electrochemical monitoring using Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems; however, they are currently not practical due to a lack of stable, mass-producible reference electrodes. To solve this problem, in this work we have developed a screen-printed Ag/AgCl true reference electrode with an offset salt reservoir on a flexible substrate for use in disposable, low-cost sensor arrays. A KCl-containing poly(vinyl acetate) ink was prepared as the solid-state electrolyte, and a PDMS junction membrane was deposited to suppress electrolyte leaching. The potentials of the electrodes with and without the electrolyte and junction membranes were measured versus a commercial saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE) in 0.1 M K2SO4 solution. Potential stability of -45.5 ± 3 mV vs. SCE with low drift was maintained for up to 27 days for electrodes containing both the electrolyte and PDMS layers, compared to less than 1 day without the PDMS junction. The electrodes were found to be stable in solutions at different pH and were also insensitive to most interfering ionic species, including SO42−, I−, Br−, Cl−, F−, Li+, Na+, and K+, under continuous potential measurement with an impedance of ∼ 15 kΩ at 106 Hz. The results demonstrate that the present printed reference electrodes are stable for an extended period and therefore well suited for use in electroanalytical systems for high volume IoT applications.
KW - screen printed electrodes
KW - reference electrode
KW - PDMS
KW - electroanalytical sensors
KW - silver/silver chloride
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85112827835&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139043
DO - 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139043
M3 - Article
SN - 0013-4686
VL - 393
JO - Electrochimica Acta
JF - Electrochimica Acta
M1 - 139043
ER -
