Anti-protozoan applications of the biogenic nanoparticles and their mechanism of action

Protozoan parasites contribute significantly to the global disease burden, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Biogenic nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized by microorganisms, have emerged as promising agents in the fight against protozoan infections due to their unique properties and mechanisms of action. These NPs offer inherent advantages such as stability, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. Their broad-spectrum antimicrobial attributes make them particularly suitable for targeting parasitic infections. Biogenic NPs exert their anti-protozoan effects by disrupting vital cellular processes, including DNA damage, inhibition of protein synthesis, membrane degradation, and induction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, they have shown specificity in targeting and inhibiting key enzymes involved in protozoan metabolism, enhancing their therapeutic potential. Recent studies have validated the efficacy of biogenic NPs against various protozoan species, including Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, and Leishmania. Gold and silver NPs have garnered significant interest due to their potent anti-protozoan properties; however, research into other biogenic NPs such as iron, nickel, platinum, and copper is still underway. Nanotechnology in parasitology heralds new therapeutic and diagnostic prospects. Future research should elucidate how biogenic NPs target protozoan parasites and improve their safety and efficacy. Biogenic NPs represent a novel direction in combating protozoan infections and advancing antiparasitic treatments. This chapter investigates the antiprotozoal capabilities of biogenic NPs, highlighting their potential to transform the field.