TY - BOOK
T1 - Ash forming elements in plastics and rubbers
AU - Ranta-Korpi, Matti
AU - Vainikka, Pasi
AU - Konttinen, Jukka
AU - Saarimaa, Antti
AU - Rodriguez, Milena
N1 - Project code: 71707
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - Metals, alkali metals and halogens found in solid fuels
cause various operational problems in boilers and
furnaces: emissions, ash melting, ash deposition and
corrosion. The role of ash-forming elements found in
plastics have received little attention in the
literature. All commercial plastics and rubbers,
particularly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS) and
polyurethane (PU) contain additives serving various
functions. These additives may be utilized as catalysts,
curing agents for rubbers, stabilizers, fillers, pigments
and flame retardants. In many cases these compounds
contain metal, halogen, sulfur and alkaline earth metal
(i.e. magnesium, calcium and barium) atoms bonded to the
structures of additive compounds. The usage levels of the
additive compounds may be several percent of the weight
of the polymer, leading to high elemental concentrations
of metal, halogen, sulfur and alkaline earth metal.
In this review paper, metals, halogens, sulfur and earth
alkaline metal containing polymer additives and polymers
most widely used are introduced separately. Starting from
the evaluation of the chemical formula of the additive
compound, going through its typical targets of use, and
also estimating the concentration range of the elemental
sulfur/metal/halogen present in the final polymer. The
element concentrations of metal, halogen, sulfur and
alkaline earth metal compounds vary significantly,
ranging from several hundreds of mg/kg units up to
several thousands of mg/kg in the polymer, depending on
the application.
AB - Metals, alkali metals and halogens found in solid fuels
cause various operational problems in boilers and
furnaces: emissions, ash melting, ash deposition and
corrosion. The role of ash-forming elements found in
plastics have received little attention in the
literature. All commercial plastics and rubbers,
particularly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS) and
polyurethane (PU) contain additives serving various
functions. These additives may be utilized as catalysts,
curing agents for rubbers, stabilizers, fillers, pigments
and flame retardants. In many cases these compounds
contain metal, halogen, sulfur and alkaline earth metal
(i.e. magnesium, calcium and barium) atoms bonded to the
structures of additive compounds. The usage levels of the
additive compounds may be several percent of the weight
of the polymer, leading to high elemental concentrations
of metal, halogen, sulfur and alkaline earth metal.
In this review paper, metals, halogens, sulfur and earth
alkaline metal containing polymer additives and polymers
most widely used are introduced separately. Starting from
the evaluation of the chemical formula of the additive
compound, going through its typical targets of use, and
also estimating the concentration range of the elemental
sulfur/metal/halogen present in the final polymer. The
element concentrations of metal, halogen, sulfur and
alkaline earth metal compounds vary significantly,
ranging from several hundreds of mg/kg units up to
several thousands of mg/kg in the polymer, depending on
the application.
KW - municipal solid waste
KW - plastic solid waste
KW - additives
KW - halogens
KW - sulfur
KW - alkaline earth metals
KW - yhdyskuntajäte
KW - muovijäte
KW - halogeenit
KW - rikki
KW - alkali maa metallit
M3 - Report
SN - 978-951-38-8157-3
T3 - VTT Technology
BT - Ash forming elements in plastics and rubbers
PB - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
CY - Espoo
ER -