Autonomy levels in mobile machine applications

Josepha Berger; Johannes Hyrynen; Risto Tiusanen

Autonomy levels in mobile machine applications

Josepha Berger
, Johannes Hyrynen
, Risto Tiusanen

Research output: Book/Report › Report

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Abstract

Mobile machine applications are increasingly aimed to perform tasks autonomously. Companies encounter a multitude of challenges when striving for autonomous operations. Industrial production sites have often evolved over time, leading to a mix of modern and legacy equipment. That often results in issues such as:
•missing interfaces,
•incompatible communication standards,
•software systems from different providers.

A 4-dimensional Levels of Autonomy framework is introduced to guide the development of autonomous machines and systems. The framework covers four dimensions:
•machine driving
•machine manipulation
•system operation
•system mission

It integrates both individual machine capabilities and system-wide autonomy aspects.
The ultimate vision is to contribute to a future where autonomous systems across all domains operate seamlessly and efficiently without human intervention. The framework provides a common language that enables stakeholders — such as equipment manufacturers, suppliers, experts, and system integrators — to develop and implement autonomous systems

Original language	English
Publisher	VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
Number of pages	8
Publication status	Published - 24 Mar 2025
MoE publication type	D4 Published development or research report or study

Publication series

Series	VTT White Paper
Volume	2025

Keywords

mobile machine
autonomous systems
Level of Autonomy

Access to Document

Autonomy levels in mobile machine applications_VTT_White_paperFinal published version, 420 KB

https://publications.vtt.fi/julkaisut/muut/2025/Autonomy_levels_in_mobile_machine_applications_VTT_White_paper.pdf

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MixedFleet: Shared Situational Awareness for Optimized and Safe Mixed Fleets
Hakanen, T. (Manager), Kemppi, P. (Participant), Karjalainen, J. (Participant), Tikka, P. (Participant), Hentula, M. (Participant), Salo, M. (Participant), Tiusanen, R. (Participant), Malm, T. (Participant) & Berger, J. (Participant)
1/08/23 → 31/12/26
Project: Business Finland project
FEMMa: Future Electrified Mobile Machines
Hentunen, A. (Manager), Jenu, S. (Participant), Pihlatie, M. (Participant), Haavisto, J. (Participant), Anttila, J. (Participant), Paakkinen, M. (Participant), Hyrynen, J. (Participant), Ranta, M. (Participant), Åman, R. (Participant), Kortelainen, H. (Participant), Antila, M. (Participant), Peussa, P. (Participant), Malm, T. (Participant), Tiusanen, R. (Participant), Heikkilä, E. (Participant), Sarsama, J. (Participant), Tervo, J. (Participant), Gotcheva, N. (Participant), Jokela, M. (Participant), Lehtikuusi, T. (Participant) & Nieminen, H. (Participant)
1/09/21 → 31/08/24
Project: Business Finland project

Cite this

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title = "Autonomy levels in mobile machine applications",

abstract = "Mobile machine applications are increasingly aimed to perform tasks autonomously. Companies encounter a multitude of challenges when striving for autonomous operations. Industrial production sites have often evolved over time, leading to a mix of modern and legacy equipment. That often results in issues such as: •missing interfaces, •incompatible communication standards, •software systems from different providers. A 4-dimensional Levels of Autonomy framework is introduced to guide the development of autonomous machines and systems. The framework covers four dimensions: •machine driving •machine manipulation •system operation •system mission It integrates both individual machine capabilities and system-wide autonomy aspects. The ultimate vision is to contribute to a future where autonomous systems across all domains operate seamlessly and efficiently without human intervention. The framework provides a common language that enables stakeholders {\textemdash} such as equipment manufacturers, suppliers, experts, and system integrators {\textemdash} to develop and implement autonomous systems ",

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ER -

Autonomy levels in mobile machine applications

Abstract

Publication series

Keywords

Access to Document

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Projects

MixedFleet: Shared Situational Awareness for Optimized and Safe Mixed Fleets

FEMMa: Future Electrified Mobile Machines

Cite this