Abstract
Biodegradability and compostability of nanofibrillar
cellulose-based (NFC) products including films,
concentrated NFC and paper products containing NFC were
evaluated under controlled composting conditions. All the
NFC products tested were biodegradable according to the
requirements set in European standard EN 13432. NFC even
enhanced the rate of biodegradability of paper containing
1.5 % NFC as an additive. Disintegration during
composting was evaluated using the modified pilot-scale
composting test EN 14045. NFC films disintegrated
completely in 3 weeks of composting, and NFC did not
influence the degradability of paper products containing
NFC. Ecotoxicity during biodegradation of NFC products in
a compost environment was evaluated using a
bioluminescence test with Vibrio fischeri. No acute
toxicity was detected for any of the samples
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 206-215 |
| Journal | Journal of Polymers and the Environment |
| Volume | 23 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2015 |
| MoE publication type | A1 Journal article-refereed |
Keywords
- Nanofibrillar cellulose
- Cellulose nanofibrils
- Biodegradation
- Composting
- Ecotoxicity
