TY - JOUR
T1 - Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating
T2 - Measurements with a novel cell exposure method
AU - Hakkarainen, Henri
AU - Salo, Laura
AU - Mikkonen, Santtu
AU - Saarikoski, Sanna
AU - Aurela, Minna
AU - Teinilä, Kimmo
AU - Ihalainen, Mika
AU - Martikainen, Sampsa
AU - Marjanen, Petteri
AU - Lepistö, Teemu
AU - Kuittinen, Niina
AU - Saarnio, Karri
AU - Aakko-Saksa, Päivi
AU - Pfeiffer, Tobias V.
AU - Timonen, Hilkka
AU - Rönkkö, Topi
AU - Jalava, Pasi I.
N1 - Funding Information:
This project has received funding from the European Union 's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 814978 (TUBE).
Funding Information:
Financial support from Black Carbon Footprint project funded by Business Finland (grant nr: 528/31/2019 , 530/31/2019 ), participating companies and municipal actors. Academy of Finland Flagship Programme “ACCC” (Grant numbers 337550 , 337551 , 337552 ) and the Academy of Finland competitive funding to strengthen university research profiles (PROFI) for the University of Eastern Finland (grant No. 325022 ), with addition of University of Eastern Finland doctoral school EPHB funding, are gratefully acknowledged.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors
PY - 2022/9/10
Y1 - 2022/9/10
N2 - Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.
AB - Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.
KW - ALI
KW - BC
KW - Genotoxicity
KW - Inflammation
KW - PM
KW - Environmental Monitoring/methods
KW - Particle Size
KW - Air Pollutants/analysis
KW - Carbon/analysis
KW - Particulate Matter/analysis
KW - Soot/analysis
KW - Aerosols/analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85132394710&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543
M3 - Article
C2 - 35679919
AN - SCOPUS:85132394710
VL - 838
SP - 156543
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
SN - 0048-9697
IS - Pt 4
M1 - 156543
ER -