Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method

Henri Hakkarainen; Laura Salo; Santtu Mikkonen; Sanna Saarikoski; Minna Aurela; Kimmo Teinilä; Mika Ihalainen; Sampsa Martikainen; Petteri Marjanen; Teemu Lepistö; Niina Kuittinen; Karri Saarnio; Päivi Aakko-Saksa; Tobias V. Pfeiffer; Hilkka Timonen; Topi Rönkkö; Pasi I. Jalava

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543

Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method

Henri Hakkarainen^*, Laura Salo, Santtu Mikkonen, Sanna Saarikoski, Minna Aurela, Kimmo Teinilä, Mika Ihalainen, Sampsa Martikainen, Petteri Marjanen, Teemu Lepistö, Niina Kuittinen, Karri Saarnio, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Tobias V. Pfeiffer, Hilkka Timonen, Topi Rönkkö, Pasi I. Jalava

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

30 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m³). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.

Original language	English
Article number	156543
Journal	Science of the Total Environment
Volume	838
Issue number	Pt 4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543
Publication status	Published - 10 Sept 2022
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

This project has received funding from the European Union 's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 814978 (TUBE). Financial support from Black Carbon Footprint project funded by Business Finland (grant nr: 528/31/2019 , 530/31/2019 ), participating companies and municipal actors. Academy of Finland Flagship Programme “ACCC” (Grant numbers 337550 , 337551 , 337552 ) and the Academy of Finland competitive funding to strengthen university research profiles (PROFI) for the University of Eastern Finland (grant No. 325022 ), with addition of University of Eastern Finland doctoral school EPHB funding, are gratefully acknowledged.

Keywords

ALI
BC
Genotoxicity
Inflammation
PM
Environmental Monitoring/methods
Particle Size
Air Pollutants/analysis
Carbon/analysis
Particulate Matter/analysis
Soot/analysis
Aerosols/analysis

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543

Cite this

Hakkarainen, H., Salo, L., Mikkonen, S., Saarikoski, S., Aurela, M., Teinilä, K., Ihalainen, M., Martikainen, S., Marjanen, P., Lepistö, T., Kuittinen, N., Saarnio, K., Aakko-Saksa, P., Pfeiffer, T. V., Timonen, H., Rönkkö, T., & Jalava, P. I. (2022). Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method. Science of the Total Environment, 838(Pt 4), Article 156543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543

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title = "Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method",

abstract = "Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.",

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year = "2022",

month = sep,

day = "10",

doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543",

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Hakkarainen, H, Salo, L, Mikkonen, S, Saarikoski, S, Aurela, M, Teinilä, K, Ihalainen, M, Martikainen, S, Marjanen, P, Lepistö, T, Kuittinen, N, Saarnio, K, Aakko-Saksa, P, Pfeiffer, TV, Timonen, H, Rönkkö, T & Jalava, PI 2022, 'Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 838, no. Pt 4, 156543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543

TY - JOUR

T1 - Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating

T2 - Measurements with a novel cell exposure method

AU - Hakkarainen, Henri

AU - Salo, Laura

AU - Mikkonen, Santtu

AU - Saarikoski, Sanna

AU - Aurela, Minna

AU - Teinilä, Kimmo

AU - Ihalainen, Mika

AU - Martikainen, Sampsa

AU - Marjanen, Petteri

AU - Lepistö, Teemu

AU - Kuittinen, Niina

AU - Saarnio, Karri

AU - Aakko-Saksa, Päivi

AU - Pfeiffer, Tobias V.

AU - Timonen, Hilkka

AU - Rönkkö, Topi

AU - Jalava, Pasi I.

PY - 2022/9/10

Y1 - 2022/9/10

N2 - Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.

AB - Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.

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KW - BC

KW - Genotoxicity

KW - Inflammation

KW - PM

KW - Environmental Monitoring/methods

KW - Particle Size

KW - Air Pollutants/analysis

KW - Carbon/analysis

KW - Particulate Matter/analysis

KW - Soot/analysis

KW - Aerosols/analysis

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DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543

M3 - Article

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AN - SCOPUS:85132394710

SN - 0048-9697

VL - 838

JO - Science of the Total Environment

JF - Science of the Total Environment

IS - Pt 4

M1 - 156543

ER -

Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

UN SDGs

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