TY - JOUR
T1 - Cellulose Nanofiber Alignment Using Evaporation-Induced Droplet-Casting, and Cell Alignment on Aligned Nanocellulose Surfaces
AU - Skogberg, Anne
AU - Mäki, Antti Juhana
AU - Mettänen, Marja
AU - Lahtinen, Panu
AU - Kallio, Pasi
N1 - Funding Information:
*E-mail: [email protected]. *E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID Anne Skogberg: 0000-0001-5545-0031 Author Contributions The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript. A.S. contributed in the planning, performance and reporting of the experimental work, excluding HIM imaging. A.-J.M. contributed in quantitative analysis. M.M. contributed in image-based analysis. P.L. contributed in CNF preparation and providing the previous CNF characterization results. P.K. contributed in the study conception, coordination of the work, and manuscript structuring and editing. Funding A.S. received funding from the Doctoral Programme of Tampere University of Technology. Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by Doctoral Programme of Tampere University of Technology. Prof. Vesa Hytönen, Jenni Leppinie-mi, Inger Vikholm-Lundin, and Rolle Rahikainen are acknowledged for providing the cells, biomolecules, and advice in cell and nanocellulose experiments. We acknowledge Outi Paloheimo and Tampere Imaging Facility, BioMediTech and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere for providing support and equipment for live-cell imaging, and Meenakshi Kandhavelu for providing long term cell storage. Kai Arstila from University of Jyvas̈ kylä is acknowledged for HIM imaging. Acknowledgement for Kimmo Kartasalo with his advice with spectral analysis of orientation; and Marika Janka, Dhanesh Rajan, Sampo Tuukkanen, Johana Kuncova-Kallio, Hannu Valimäki,̈ Yuli Lai, Tomi Ryynanen, Heimo Ihalainen and Jukka-Pekka Raunio for technical assistance and advice.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 American Chemical Society.
Copyright:
Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2017/12/11
Y1 - 2017/12/11
N2 - This work investigates droplet-evaporated cellulose nanofiber (CNF) alignment and cell responses on CNF surfaces. Surfaces of unmodified (u-), anionic (a-), and cationic (c-) CNFs were fabricated using an evaporation-induced droplet-casting method and characterized in terms of degree of orientation. Circular variance (CV) values obtained using Cytospectre software to analyze the degree of orientation from AFM images showed a significantly higher degree of orientation on c- and u-CNF surfaces (average CV 0.27 and 0.24, respectively) compared to a-CNF surfaces (average CV 0.76). Quantitative analysis of surface roughness plots obtained from AFM images confirmed the difference between the direction of alignment versus the direction perpendicular to alignment. AFM images as well as observations during droplet evaporation indicated c-CNF alignment parallel to a dry-boundary line during droplet evaporation. Fibroblasts were cultured on the u-, a-, and c-CNF surfaces with or without a fibronectin (FN) coating for 48 h, and the cell response was evaluated in terms of cell viability, proliferation, morphology, and degree of orientation. Cell viability and proliferation were comparable to that on a control surface on the a-CNF and c-CNF surfaces. Although an FN coating slightly enhanced cell growth on the studied surfaces, uncoated a-CNF and c-CNF surfaces were able to support cell growth as well. The results showed cell orientation on aligned c-CNF surfaces, a finding that could be further utilized when guiding the growth of cells. We also showed that the alignment direction of c-CNFs and thus the cell orientation direction can be controlled with a contact-dispensing technique.
AB - This work investigates droplet-evaporated cellulose nanofiber (CNF) alignment and cell responses on CNF surfaces. Surfaces of unmodified (u-), anionic (a-), and cationic (c-) CNFs were fabricated using an evaporation-induced droplet-casting method and characterized in terms of degree of orientation. Circular variance (CV) values obtained using Cytospectre software to analyze the degree of orientation from AFM images showed a significantly higher degree of orientation on c- and u-CNF surfaces (average CV 0.27 and 0.24, respectively) compared to a-CNF surfaces (average CV 0.76). Quantitative analysis of surface roughness plots obtained from AFM images confirmed the difference between the direction of alignment versus the direction perpendicular to alignment. AFM images as well as observations during droplet evaporation indicated c-CNF alignment parallel to a dry-boundary line during droplet evaporation. Fibroblasts were cultured on the u-, a-, and c-CNF surfaces with or without a fibronectin (FN) coating for 48 h, and the cell response was evaluated in terms of cell viability, proliferation, morphology, and degree of orientation. Cell viability and proliferation were comparable to that on a control surface on the a-CNF and c-CNF surfaces. Although an FN coating slightly enhanced cell growth on the studied surfaces, uncoated a-CNF and c-CNF surfaces were able to support cell growth as well. The results showed cell orientation on aligned c-CNF surfaces, a finding that could be further utilized when guiding the growth of cells. We also showed that the alignment direction of c-CNFs and thus the cell orientation direction can be controlled with a contact-dispensing technique.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85038212893&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00963
DO - 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00963
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85038212893
SN - 1525-7797
VL - 18
SP - 3936
EP - 3953
JO - Biomacromolecules
JF - Biomacromolecules
IS - 12
ER -