@article{b715533652004bc4b43f530ab55ab8cf,
title = "Charging powers of the electric vehicle fleet: Evolution and implications at commercial charging sites",
abstract = "Electric vehicle (EV) charging is widely studied in the scientific literature. However, there seems to be a notable research gap regarding the charging power limitations of the on-board chargers of the EVs. In this paper, the present state of the maximum charging powers of the on-board chargers is thoroughly analysed using data from two commercial charging sites. Furthermore, the results of the analysis are used along with an EV fleet development model to form realistic future scenarios, which are then used for a simulation model that couples the charging sessions with measured charging profiles. The results of the simulations show that, due to the evolution of the EV fleet, the average energy consumption in commercial locations will increase by 134% on average from 5.6 to 8.7 kWh/EV to 13.0–19.6 kWh/EV during 2020–2040. Similarly, the peak of the normalized power increases by 77% on average from 1.1 to 1.4 kW/EV to 1.6–2.9 kW/EV. These values are essential to guide long-term decisions such as optimal sizing of charging infrastructure and parking policies.",
keywords = "Charging powers, Data analysis, Electric vehicles, Parking policy",
author = "Toni Simolin and Kalle Rauma and Riku Viri and Johanna M{\"a}kinen and Antti Rautiainen and Pertti J{\"a}rventausta",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the LIFE Programme of the European Union (LIFE17 IPC/FI/000002 LIFE-IP CANEMURE-FINLAND). The work reflects only the author's view, and the EASME/Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. The work of Toni Simolin was supported by a grant from Emil Aaltosen S??ti? sr. Kalle Rauma would like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure for its support through the project PuLS ? Parken und Laden in der Stadt (03EMF0203B). The authors would like to thank IGL Technologies for providing charging data. Funding Information: This work was supported by the LIFE Programme of the European Union (LIFE17 IPC/FI/000002 LIFE-IP CANEMURE-FINLAND). The work reflects only the author{\textquoteright}s view, and the EASME/Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. The work of Toni Simolin was supported by a grant from Emil Aaltosen S{\"a}{\"a}ti{\"o} sr. Kalle Rauma would like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure for its support through the project PuLS – Parken und Laden in der Stadt (03EMF0203B). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Author(s)",
year = "2021",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117651",
language = "English",
volume = "303",
journal = "Applied Energy",
issn = "0306-2619",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}
