Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links

Thomas Lindvall; Marco Pizzocaro; Rachel M. Godun; Michel Abgrall; Daisuke Akamatsu; Anne Amy-Klein; Erik Benkler; Nishant M. Bhatt; Davide Calonico; Etienne Cantin; Elena Cantoni; Giancarlo Cerretto; Christian Chardonnet; Miguel Angel Cifuentes Marín; Cecilia Clivati; Stefano Condio; E. Anne. Curtis; Heiner Denker; Simone Donadello; Sören Dörscher; Feng Chen-Hao; Melina Filzinger; Thomas Fordell; Irene Goti; Kalle Hanhijärvi; H. Nimrod Hausser; Ian R. Hill; Kazumoto Hosaka; Nils Huntemann; Matthew Y. H. Johnson; Jonas Keller; Thomas Legero; Filippo Levi; Burghard Lipphardt; Christian Lisdat; Hongli Liu; Jerome Lodewyck; Olivier Lopez; Maxime Mazouth-Laurol; Tanja E. Mehlstäubler; Alberto  Mura; Akiko Nishiyama; Tabea Nordmann; Adam O. Parsons; Gerard Petit; Benjamin Pointard; Paul-Eric Pottie; Matias Risaro; Billy I. Robertson; Marco Schioppo; Haosen Shang; Kilian Stahl; Martin Steinel; Uwe Sterr; Alexandra Tofful; Mads Tønnes; Dang-Bao-An Tran; Jacob Tunesi; Anders Wallin; Helen S. Margolis

doi:10.1364/OPTICA.561754

Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links

Thomas Lindvall, Marco Pizzocaro, Rachel M. Godun^*, Michel Abgrall, Daisuke Akamatsu, Anne Amy-Klein, Erik Benkler, Nishant M. Bhatt, Davide Calonico, Etienne Cantin, Elena Cantoni, Giancarlo Cerretto, Christian Chardonnet, Miguel Angel Cifuentes Marín, Cecilia Clivati, Stefano Condio, E. Anne. Curtis, Heiner Denker, Simone Donadello, Sören DörscherFeng Chen-Hao, Melina Filzinger, Thomas Fordell, Irene Goti, Kalle Hanhijärvi, H. Nimrod Hausser, Ian R. Hill, Kazumoto Hosaka, Nils Huntemann, Matthew Y. H. Johnson, Jonas Keller, Thomas Legero, Filippo Levi, Burghard Lipphardt, Christian Lisdat, Hongli Liu, Jerome Lodewyck, Olivier Lopez, Maxime Mazouth-Laurol, Tanja E. Mehlstäubler, Alberto Mura, Akiko Nishiyama, Tabea Nordmann, Adam O. Parsons, Gerard Petit, Benjamin Pointard, Paul-Eric Pottie, Matias Risaro, Billy I. Robertson, Marco Schioppo, Haosen Shang, Kilian Stahl, Martin Steinel, Uwe Sterr, Alexandra Tofful, Mads Tønnes, Dang-Bao-An Tran, Jacob Tunesi, Anders Wallin, Helen S. Margolis

^*Corresponding author for this work

SU1202 Electrical metrology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

Abstract

Optical clocks provide ultraprecise frequency references that are vital for international metrology as well as for tests of fundamental physics. To investigate the level of agreement between different clocks, we simultaneously measured the frequency ratios between ten optical clocks in six different countries, using fiber and satellite links. This is the largest coordinated comparison to date, from which we present a subset of 38 optical frequency ratios and an evaluation of the correlations between them. Four ratios were measured directly for the first time to our knowledge, while others had significantly lower uncertainties than previously achieved, supporting the advance toward a redefinition of the second and the use of optical standards for international time scales.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	843-852
Journal	Optica
Volume	12
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.561754
Publication status	Published - 2025
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (18SIB05); Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (National Measurement System Programme); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (17H01151, 17K14367, 22H01241); JST-Mirai Program (JPMJMI18A1); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (274200144, 390837967); Max Planck-RIKEN-PTB Center for Time, Constants and Fundamental Symmetries; Research Council of Finland (339821, 328786); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-21-ESRE-0029, ANR-11-EQPX-0039); Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (951886); Conseil Régional, Île-de-France (DIM SIRTEQ—ATH-2019).

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1364/OPTICA.561754Licence: CC BY

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Lindvall, T., Pizzocaro, M., Godun, R. M., Abgrall, M., Akamatsu, D., Amy-Klein, A., Benkler, E., Bhatt, N. M., Calonico, D., Cantin, E., Cantoni, E., Cerretto, G., Chardonnet, C., Cifuentes Marín, M. A., Clivati, C., Condio, S., Curtis, E. A., Denker, H., Donadello, S., ... Margolis, H. S. (2025). Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links. Optica, 12(6), 843-852. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.561754

@article{674d6777c83645ef8e84b4f0ba9d2204,

title = "Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links",

abstract = "Optical clocks provide ultraprecise frequency references that are vital for international metrology as well as for tests of fundamental physics. To investigate the level of agreement between different clocks, we simultaneously measured the frequency ratios between ten optical clocks in six different countries, using fiber and satellite links. This is the largest coordinated comparison to date, from which we present a subset of 38 optical frequency ratios and an evaluation of the correlations between them. Four ratios were measured directly for the first time to our knowledge, while others had significantly lower uncertainties than previously achieved, supporting the advance toward a redefinition of the second and the use of optical standards for international time scales.",

author = "Thomas Lindvall and Marco Pizzocaro and Godun, \{Rachel M.\} and Michel Abgrall and Daisuke Akamatsu and Anne Amy-Klein and Erik Benkler and Bhatt, \{Nishant M.\} and Davide Calonico and Etienne Cantin and Elena Cantoni and Giancarlo Cerretto and Christian Chardonnet and \{Cifuentes Mar{\'i}n\}, \{Miguel Angel\} and Cecilia Clivati and Stefano Condio and Curtis, \{E. Anne.\} and Heiner Denker and Simone Donadello and S{\"o}ren D{\"o}rscher and Feng Chen-Hao and Melina Filzinger and Thomas Fordell and Irene Goti and Kalle Hanhij{\"a}rvi and Hausser, \{H. Nimrod\} and Hill, \{Ian R.\} and Kazumoto Hosaka and Nils Huntemann and Johnson, \{Matthew Y. H.\} and Jonas Keller and Thomas Legero and Filippo Levi and Burghard Lipphardt and Christian Lisdat and Hongli Liu and Jerome Lodewyck and Olivier Lopez and Maxime Mazouth-Laurol and Mehlst{\"a}ubler, \{Tanja E.\} and Alberto Mura and Akiko Nishiyama and Tabea Nordmann and Parsons, \{Adam O.\} and Gerard Petit and Benjamin Pointard and Paul-Eric Pottie and Matias Risaro and Robertson, \{Billy I.\} and Marco Schioppo and Haosen Shang and Kilian Stahl and Martin Steinel and Uwe Sterr and Alexandra Tofful and Mads T{\o}nnes and Dang-Bao-An Tran and Jacob Tunesi and Anders Wallin and Margolis, \{Helen S.\}",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.1364/OPTICA.561754",

language = "English",

volume = "12",

pages = "843--852",

journal = "Optica",

issn = "2334-2536",

publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",

number = "6",

}

Lindvall, T, Pizzocaro, M, Godun, RM, Abgrall, M, Akamatsu, D, Amy-Klein, A, Benkler, E, Bhatt, NM, Calonico, D, Cantin, E, Cantoni, E, Cerretto, G, Chardonnet, C, Cifuentes Marín, MA, Clivati, C, Condio, S, Curtis, EA, Denker, H, Donadello, S, Dörscher, S, Chen-Hao, F, Filzinger, M, Fordell, T, Goti, I, Hanhijärvi, K, Hausser, HN, Hill, IR, Hosaka, K, Huntemann, N, Johnson, MYH, Keller, J, Legero, T, Levi, F, Lipphardt, B, Lisdat, C, Liu, H, Lodewyck, J, Lopez, O, Mazouth-Laurol, M, Mehlstäubler, TE, Mura, A, Nishiyama, A, Nordmann, T, Parsons, AO, Petit, G, Pointard, B, Pottie, P-E, Risaro, M, Robertson, BI, Schioppo, M, Shang, H, Stahl, K, Steinel, M, Sterr, U, Tofful, A, Tønnes, M, Tran, D-B-A, Tunesi, J, Wallin, A & Margolis, HS 2025, 'Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links', Optica, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 843-852. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.561754

TY - JOUR

T1 - Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links

AU - Lindvall, Thomas

AU - Pizzocaro, Marco

AU - Godun, Rachel M.

AU - Abgrall, Michel

AU - Akamatsu, Daisuke

AU - Amy-Klein, Anne

AU - Benkler, Erik

AU - Bhatt, Nishant M.

AU - Calonico, Davide

AU - Cantin, Etienne

AU - Cantoni, Elena

AU - Cerretto, Giancarlo

AU - Chardonnet, Christian

AU - Cifuentes Marín, Miguel Angel

AU - Clivati, Cecilia

AU - Condio, Stefano

AU - Curtis, E. Anne.

AU - Denker, Heiner

AU - Donadello, Simone

AU - Dörscher, Sören

AU - Chen-Hao, Feng

AU - Filzinger, Melina

AU - Fordell, Thomas

AU - Goti, Irene

AU - Hanhijärvi, Kalle

AU - Hausser, H. Nimrod

AU - Hill, Ian R.

AU - Hosaka, Kazumoto

AU - Huntemann, Nils

AU - Johnson, Matthew Y. H.

AU - Keller, Jonas

AU - Legero, Thomas

AU - Levi, Filippo

AU - Lipphardt, Burghard

AU - Lisdat, Christian

AU - Liu, Hongli

AU - Lodewyck, Jerome

AU - Lopez, Olivier

AU - Mazouth-Laurol, Maxime

AU - Mehlstäubler, Tanja E.

AU - Mura, Alberto

AU - Nishiyama, Akiko

AU - Nordmann, Tabea

AU - Parsons, Adam O.

AU - Petit, Gerard

AU - Pointard, Benjamin

AU - Pottie, Paul-Eric

AU - Risaro, Matias

AU - Robertson, Billy I.

AU - Schioppo, Marco

AU - Shang, Haosen

AU - Stahl, Kilian

AU - Steinel, Martin

AU - Sterr, Uwe

AU - Tofful, Alexandra

AU - Tønnes, Mads

AU - Tran, Dang-Bao-An

AU - Tunesi, Jacob

AU - Wallin, Anders

AU - Margolis, Helen S.

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - Optical clocks provide ultraprecise frequency references that are vital for international metrology as well as for tests of fundamental physics. To investigate the level of agreement between different clocks, we simultaneously measured the frequency ratios between ten optical clocks in six different countries, using fiber and satellite links. This is the largest coordinated comparison to date, from which we present a subset of 38 optical frequency ratios and an evaluation of the correlations between them. Four ratios were measured directly for the first time to our knowledge, while others had significantly lower uncertainties than previously achieved, supporting the advance toward a redefinition of the second and the use of optical standards for international time scales.

AB - Optical clocks provide ultraprecise frequency references that are vital for international metrology as well as for tests of fundamental physics. To investigate the level of agreement between different clocks, we simultaneously measured the frequency ratios between ten optical clocks in six different countries, using fiber and satellite links. This is the largest coordinated comparison to date, from which we present a subset of 38 optical frequency ratios and an evaluation of the correlations between them. Four ratios were measured directly for the first time to our knowledge, while others had significantly lower uncertainties than previously achieved, supporting the advance toward a redefinition of the second and the use of optical standards for international time scales.

U2 - 10.1364/OPTICA.561754

DO - 10.1364/OPTICA.561754

M3 - Article

SN - 2334-2536

VL - 12

SP - 843

EP - 852

JO - Optica

JF - Optica

IS - 6

ER -

Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

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