Differing Mechanisms of New Particle Formation at Two Arctic Sites

Lisa J. Beck; Nina Sarnela; Heikki Junninen; Clara J.M. Hoppe; Olga Garmash; Federico Bianchi; Matthieu Riva; Clemence Rose; Otso Peräkylä; Daniela Wimmer; Oskari Kausiala; Tuija Jokinen; Lauri Ahonen; Jyri Mikkilä; Jani Hakala; Xu Cheng He; Jenni Kontkanen; Klara K.E. Wolf; David Cappelletti; Mauro Mazzola; Rita Traversi; Chiara Petroselli; Angelo P. Viola; Vito Vitale; Robert Lange; Andreas Massling; Jakob K. Nøjgaard; Radovan Krejci; Linn Karlsson; Paul Zieger; Sehyun Jang; Kitack Lee; Ville Vakkari; Janne Lampilahti; Roseline C. Thakur; Katri Leino; Juha Kangasluoma; Ella Maria Duplissy; Erkki Siivola; Marjan Marbouti; Yee Jun Tham; Alfonso Saiz-Lopez; Tuukka Petäjä; Mikael Ehn; Douglas R. Worsnop; Henrik Skov; Markku Kulmala; Veli Matti Kerminen; Mikko Sipilä

doi:10.1029/2020GL091334

Differing Mechanisms of New Particle Formation at Two Arctic Sites

Lisa J. Beck^*
, Nina Sarnela
, Heikki Junninen
, Clara J.M. Hoppe
, Olga Garmash
, Federico Bianchi
, Matthieu Riva
, Clemence Rose
, Otso Peräkylä
, Daniela Wimmer
, Oskari Kausiala
, Tuija Jokinen
, Lauri Ahonen
, Jyri Mikkilä
, Jani Hakala
, Xu Cheng He
, Jenni Kontkanen
, Klara K.E. Wolf
, David Cappelletti
, Mauro Mazzola

Rita Traversi, Chiara Petroselli, Angelo P. Viola, Vito Vitale, Robert Lange, Andreas Massling, Jakob K. Nøjgaard, Radovan Krejci, Linn Karlsson, Paul Zieger, Sehyun Jang, Kitack Lee, Ville Vakkari, Janne Lampilahti, Roseline C. Thakur, Katri Leino, Juha Kangasluoma, Ella Maria Duplissy, Erkki Siivola, Marjan Marbouti, Yee Jun Tham, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Tuukka Petäjä, Mikael Ehn, Douglas R. Worsnop, Henrik Skov, Markku Kulmala, Veli Matti Kerminen, Mikko Sipilä^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Not published at VTT

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

117 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

New particle formation in the Arctic atmosphere is an important source of aerosol particles. Understanding the processes of Arctic secondary aerosol formation is crucial due to their significant impact on cloud properties and therefore Arctic amplification. We observed the molecular formation of new particles from low-volatility vapors at two Arctic sites with differing surroundings. In Svalbard, sulfuric acid (SA) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) contribute to the formation of secondary aerosol and to some extent to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). This occurs via ion-induced nucleation of SA and NH₃ and subsequent growth by mainly SA and MSA condensation during springtime and highly oxygenated organic molecules during summertime. By contrast, in an ice-covered region around Villum, we observed new particle formation driven by iodic acid but its concentration was insufficient to grow nucleated particles to CCN sizes. Our results provide new insight about sources and precursors of Arctic secondary aerosol particles.

Original language	English
Article number	e2020GL091334
Journal	Geophysical Research Letters
Volume	48
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091334
Publication status	Published - 28 Feb 2021
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

The authors thank logistic support by AWIPEV and the staff of the Arctic Station "Dirigibile Italia" during the field campaigns at Ny-Ålesund. The authors thank the staff at Station Nord and VRS for the help during the field campaign in Greenland. The authors would like to thank NPI for substantial long term support in maintaining the measurements at Zeppelin Observatory. The authors thank Dennis Booge and Christa Marandino for assistance with DMSP measurements. Pasi Aalto, Frans Korhonen, and Laura Wischnewski are acknowledged for technical assistance. SIOS is acknowledged for support in integrating observations at Ny-Ålesund. The authors thank the tofTools team for providing tools for mass spectrometry analysis. The authors acknowledge European Research Council (GASPARCON, Grant no. 714621 and COALA, Grant no. 638703), Academy of Finland (Project nos. 296628, 306853, 317380, 316114, and 320094), INTERACT, European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42), Austrian Science Fund (FWF, Project J3951-N36), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant no. 689443) via project iCUPE (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments) and Project ERC-2016- COG 726349 CLIMAHAL, National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2018R1A2A1A19019281), Knut-and-Alice-Wallenberg Foundation within the Arctic Climate Across Scales (Project No. \,2016.0024), the Swedish EPA's (Naturvårdsverket) Environmental monitoring program (Miljöövervakning), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (Project "Interplay between water, clouds and Aerosols in the Arctic," \# 2016-01427), Climate Change Tower – Integrated Project of the National Research Council of Italy and the National Interest Project by the Italian Minister of Education, University and Research (PRIN2007 and PRIN2009). The authors thank Department of Earth System Sciences and Technologies for the Environment, Department of Earth Sciences and Technology of the Environment of CNR and the doctoral program in atmospheric sciences at the University of Helsinki for financial support. Aarhus University acknowledge financial support from Danish Ministry of Environment and food and Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities by means of DANCEA. The authors thank logistic support by AWIPEV and the staff of the Arctic Station "Dirigibile Italia" during the field campaigns at Ny‐Ålesund. The authors thank the staff at Station Nord and VRS for the help during the field campaign in Greenland. The authors would like to thank NPI for substantial long term support in maintaining the measurements at Zeppelin Observatory. The authors thank Dennis Booge and Christa Marandino for assistance with DMSP measurements. Pasi Aalto, Frans Korhonen, and Laura Wischnewski are acknowledged for technical assistance. SIOS is acknowledged for support in integrating observations at Ny‐Ålesund. The authors thank the tofTools team for providing tools for mass spectrometry analysis. The authors acknowledge European Research Council (GASPARCON, Grant no. 714621 and COALA, Grant no. 638703), Academy of Finland (Project nos. 296628, 306853, 317380, 316114, and 320094), INTERACT, European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42), Austrian Science Fund (FWF, Project J3951‐N36), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant no. 689443) via project iCUPE (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments) and Project ERC‐2016‐ COG 726349 CLIMAHAL, National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF‐2018R1A2A1A19019281), Knut‐and‐Alice‐Wallenberg Foundation within the Arctic Climate Across Scales (Project No. \,2016.0024), the Swedish EPA's (Naturvårdsverket) Environmental monitoring program (Miljöövervakning), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (Project "Interplay between water, clouds and Aerosols in the Arctic," \# 2016‐01427), Climate Change Tower – Integrated Project of the National Research Council of Italy and the National Interest Project by the Italian Minister of Education, University and Research (PRIN2007 and PRIN2009). The authors thank Department of Earth System Sciences and Technologies for the Environment, Department of Earth Sciences and Technology of the Environment of CNR and the doctoral program in atmospheric sciences at the University of Helsinki for financial support. Aarhus University acknowledge financial support from Danish Ministry of Environment and food and Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities by means of DANCEA.

Keywords

Arctic atmosphere
low-volatility vapors
new particle formation

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1029/2020GL091334Licence: CC BY

Cite this

Beck, L. J., Sarnela, N., Junninen, H., Hoppe, C. J. M., Garmash, O., Bianchi, F., Riva, M., Rose, C., Peräkylä, O., Wimmer, D., Kausiala, O., Jokinen, T., Ahonen, L., Mikkilä, J., Hakala, J., He, X. C., Kontkanen, J., Wolf, K. K. E., Cappelletti, D., ... Sipilä, M. (2021). Differing Mechanisms of New Particle Formation at Two Arctic Sites. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(4), Article e2020GL091334. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091334

@article{c726a66399c34ddb9d6157a094fa2d24,

title = "Differing Mechanisms of New Particle Formation at Two Arctic Sites",

abstract = "New particle formation in the Arctic atmosphere is an important source of aerosol particles. Understanding the processes of Arctic secondary aerosol formation is crucial due to their significant impact on cloud properties and therefore Arctic amplification. We observed the molecular formation of new particles from low-volatility vapors at two Arctic sites with differing surroundings. In Svalbard, sulfuric acid (SA) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) contribute to the formation of secondary aerosol and to some extent to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). This occurs via ion-induced nucleation of SA and NH3 and subsequent growth by mainly SA and MSA condensation during springtime and highly oxygenated organic molecules during summertime. By contrast, in an ice-covered region around Villum, we observed new particle formation driven by iodic acid but its concentration was insufficient to grow nucleated particles to CCN sizes. Our results provide new insight about sources and precursors of Arctic secondary aerosol particles.",

keywords = "Arctic atmosphere, low-volatility vapors, new particle formation",

author = "Beck, \{Lisa J.\} and Nina Sarnela and Heikki Junninen and Hoppe, \{Clara J.M.\} and Olga Garmash and Federico Bianchi and Matthieu Riva and Clemence Rose and Otso Per{\"a}kyl{\"a} and Daniela Wimmer and Oskari Kausiala and Tuija Jokinen and Lauri Ahonen and Jyri Mikkil{\"a} and Jani Hakala and He, \{Xu Cheng\} and Jenni Kontkanen and Wolf, \{Klara K.E.\} and David Cappelletti and Mauro Mazzola and Rita Traversi and Chiara Petroselli and Viola, \{Angelo P.\} and Vito Vitale and Robert Lange and Andreas Massling and N{\o}jgaard, \{Jakob K.\} and Radovan Krejci and Linn Karlsson and Paul Zieger and Sehyun Jang and Kitack Lee and Ville Vakkari and Janne Lampilahti and Thakur, \{Roseline C.\} and Katri Leino and Juha Kangasluoma and Duplissy, \{Ella Maria\} and Erkki Siivola and Marjan Marbouti and Tham, \{Yee Jun\} and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez and Tuukka Pet{\"a}j{\"a} and Mikael Ehn and Worsnop, \{Douglas R.\} and Henrik Skov and Markku Kulmala and Kerminen, \{Veli Matti\} and Mikko Sipil{\"a}",

note = "Funding Information: The authors thank logistic support by AWIPEV and the staff of the Arctic Station {"}Dirigibile Italia{"} during the field campaigns at Ny-{\AA}lesund. The authors thank the staff at Station Nord and VRS for the help during the field campaign in Greenland. The authors would like to thank NPI for substantial long term support in maintaining the measurements at Zeppelin Observatory. The authors thank Dennis Booge and Christa Marandino for assistance with DMSP measurements. Pasi Aalto, Frans Korhonen, and Laura Wischnewski are acknowledged for technical assistance. SIOS is acknowledged for support in integrating observations at Ny-{\AA}lesund. The authors thank the tofTools team for providing tools for mass spectrometry analysis. The authors acknowledge European Research Council (GASPARCON, Grant no. 714621 and COALA, Grant no. 638703), Academy of Finland (Project nos. 296628, 306853, 317380, 316114, and 320094), INTERACT, European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42), Austrian Science Fund (FWF, Project J3951-N36), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant no. 689443) via project iCUPE (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments) and Project ERC-2016- COG 726349 CLIMAHAL, National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2018R1A2A1A19019281), Knut-and-Alice-Wallenberg Foundation within the Arctic Climate Across Scales (Project No. \textbackslash{},2016.0024), the Swedish EPA's (Naturv{\aa}rdsverket) Environmental monitoring program (Milj{\"o}{\"o}vervakning), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (Project {"}Interplay between water, clouds and Aerosols in the Arctic,{"} \textbackslash{}\# 2016-01427), Climate Change Tower – Integrated Project of the National Research Council of Italy and the National Interest Project by the Italian Minister of Education, University and Research (PRIN2007 and PRIN2009). The authors thank Department of Earth System Sciences and Technologies for the Environment, Department of Earth Sciences and Technology of the Environment of CNR and the doctoral program in atmospheric sciences at the University of Helsinki for financial support. Aarhus University acknowledge financial support from Danish Ministry of Environment and food and Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities by means of DANCEA. Funding Information: The authors thank logistic support by AWIPEV and the staff of the Arctic Station {"}Dirigibile Italia{"} during the field campaigns at Ny‐{\AA}lesund. The authors thank the staff at Station Nord and VRS for the help during the field campaign in Greenland. The authors would like to thank NPI for substantial long term support in maintaining the measurements at Zeppelin Observatory. The authors thank Dennis Booge and Christa Marandino for assistance with DMSP measurements. Pasi Aalto, Frans Korhonen, and Laura Wischnewski are acknowledged for technical assistance. SIOS is acknowledged for support in integrating observations at Ny‐{\AA}lesund. The authors thank the tofTools team for providing tools for mass spectrometry analysis. The authors acknowledge European Research Council (GASPARCON, Grant no. 714621 and COALA, Grant no. 638703), Academy of Finland (Project nos. 296628, 306853, 317380, 316114, and 320094), INTERACT, European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42), Austrian Science Fund (FWF, Project J3951‐N36), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant no. 689443) via project iCUPE (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments) and Project ERC‐2016‐ COG 726349 CLIMAHAL, National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF‐2018R1A2A1A19019281), Knut‐and‐Alice‐Wallenberg Foundation within the Arctic Climate Across Scales (Project No. \textbackslash{},2016.0024), the Swedish EPA's (Naturv{\aa}rdsverket) Environmental monitoring program (Milj{\"o}{\"o}vervakning), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (Project {"}Interplay between water, clouds and Aerosols in the Arctic,{"} \textbackslash{}\# 2016‐01427), Climate Change Tower – Integrated Project of the National Research Council of Italy and the National Interest Project by the Italian Minister of Education, University and Research (PRIN2007 and PRIN2009). The authors thank Department of Earth System Sciences and Technologies for the Environment, Department of Earth Sciences and Technology of the Environment of CNR and the doctoral program in atmospheric sciences at the University of Helsinki for financial support. Aarhus University acknowledge financial support from Danish Ministry of Environment and food and Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities by means of DANCEA. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020. The Authors.",

year = "2021",

month = feb,

day = "28",

doi = "10.1029/2020GL091334",

language = "English",

volume = "48",

journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",

issn = "0094-8276",

publisher = "Wiley",

number = "4",

}

Beck, LJ, Sarnela, N, Junninen, H, Hoppe, CJM, Garmash, O, Bianchi, F, Riva, M, Rose, C, Peräkylä, O, Wimmer, D, Kausiala, O, Jokinen, T, Ahonen, L, Mikkilä, J, Hakala, J, He, XC, Kontkanen, J, Wolf, KKE, Cappelletti, D, Mazzola, M, Traversi, R, Petroselli, C, Viola, AP, Vitale, V, Lange, R, Massling, A, Nøjgaard, JK, Krejci, R, Karlsson, L, Zieger, P, Jang, S, Lee, K, Vakkari, V, Lampilahti, J, Thakur, RC, Leino, K, Kangasluoma, J, Duplissy, EM, Siivola, E, Marbouti, M, Tham, YJ, Saiz-Lopez, A, Petäjä, T, Ehn, M, Worsnop, DR, Skov, H, Kulmala, M, Kerminen, VM & Sipilä, M 2021, 'Differing Mechanisms of New Particle Formation at Two Arctic Sites', Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 48, no. 4, e2020GL091334. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091334

TY - JOUR

T1 - Differing Mechanisms of New Particle Formation at Two Arctic Sites

AU - Beck, Lisa J.

AU - Sarnela, Nina

AU - Junninen, Heikki

AU - Hoppe, Clara J.M.

AU - Garmash, Olga

AU - Bianchi, Federico

AU - Riva, Matthieu

AU - Rose, Clemence

AU - Peräkylä, Otso

AU - Wimmer, Daniela

AU - Kausiala, Oskari

AU - Jokinen, Tuija

AU - Ahonen, Lauri

AU - Mikkilä, Jyri

AU - Hakala, Jani

AU - He, Xu Cheng

AU - Kontkanen, Jenni

AU - Wolf, Klara K.E.

AU - Cappelletti, David

AU - Mazzola, Mauro

AU - Traversi, Rita

AU - Petroselli, Chiara

AU - Viola, Angelo P.

AU - Vitale, Vito

AU - Lange, Robert

AU - Massling, Andreas

AU - Nøjgaard, Jakob K.

AU - Krejci, Radovan

AU - Karlsson, Linn

AU - Zieger, Paul

AU - Jang, Sehyun

AU - Lee, Kitack

AU - Vakkari, Ville

AU - Lampilahti, Janne

AU - Thakur, Roseline C.

AU - Leino, Katri

AU - Kangasluoma, Juha

AU - Duplissy, Ella Maria

AU - Siivola, Erkki

AU - Marbouti, Marjan

AU - Tham, Yee Jun

AU - Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso

AU - Petäjä, Tuukka

AU - Ehn, Mikael

AU - Worsnop, Douglas R.

AU - Skov, Henrik

AU - Kulmala, Markku

AU - Kerminen, Veli Matti

AU - Sipilä, Mikko

N1 - Funding Information: The authors thank logistic support by AWIPEV and the staff of the Arctic Station "Dirigibile Italia" during the field campaigns at Ny-Ålesund. The authors thank the staff at Station Nord and VRS for the help during the field campaign in Greenland. The authors would like to thank NPI for substantial long term support in maintaining the measurements at Zeppelin Observatory. The authors thank Dennis Booge and Christa Marandino for assistance with DMSP measurements. Pasi Aalto, Frans Korhonen, and Laura Wischnewski are acknowledged for technical assistance. SIOS is acknowledged for support in integrating observations at Ny-Ålesund. The authors thank the tofTools team for providing tools for mass spectrometry analysis. The authors acknowledge European Research Council (GASPARCON, Grant no. 714621 and COALA, Grant no. 638703), Academy of Finland (Project nos. 296628, 306853, 317380, 316114, and 320094), INTERACT, European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42), Austrian Science Fund (FWF, Project J3951-N36), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant no. 689443) via project iCUPE (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments) and Project ERC-2016- COG 726349 CLIMAHAL, National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2018R1A2A1A19019281), Knut-and-Alice-Wallenberg Foundation within the Arctic Climate Across Scales (Project No. \,2016.0024), the Swedish EPA's (Naturvårdsverket) Environmental monitoring program (Miljöövervakning), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (Project "Interplay between water, clouds and Aerosols in the Arctic," \# 2016-01427), Climate Change Tower – Integrated Project of the National Research Council of Italy and the National Interest Project by the Italian Minister of Education, University and Research (PRIN2007 and PRIN2009). The authors thank Department of Earth System Sciences and Technologies for the Environment, Department of Earth Sciences and Technology of the Environment of CNR and the doctoral program in atmospheric sciences at the University of Helsinki for financial support. Aarhus University acknowledge financial support from Danish Ministry of Environment and food and Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities by means of DANCEA. Funding Information: The authors thank logistic support by AWIPEV and the staff of the Arctic Station "Dirigibile Italia" during the field campaigns at Ny‐Ålesund. The authors thank the staff at Station Nord and VRS for the help during the field campaign in Greenland. The authors would like to thank NPI for substantial long term support in maintaining the measurements at Zeppelin Observatory. The authors thank Dennis Booge and Christa Marandino for assistance with DMSP measurements. Pasi Aalto, Frans Korhonen, and Laura Wischnewski are acknowledged for technical assistance. SIOS is acknowledged for support in integrating observations at Ny‐Ålesund. The authors thank the tofTools team for providing tools for mass spectrometry analysis. The authors acknowledge European Research Council (GASPARCON, Grant no. 714621 and COALA, Grant no. 638703), Academy of Finland (Project nos. 296628, 306853, 317380, 316114, and 320094), INTERACT, European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42), Austrian Science Fund (FWF, Project J3951‐N36), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant no. 689443) via project iCUPE (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments) and Project ERC‐2016‐ COG 726349 CLIMAHAL, National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF‐2018R1A2A1A19019281), Knut‐and‐Alice‐Wallenberg Foundation within the Arctic Climate Across Scales (Project No. \,2016.0024), the Swedish EPA's (Naturvårdsverket) Environmental monitoring program (Miljöövervakning), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (Project "Interplay between water, clouds and Aerosols in the Arctic," \# 2016‐01427), Climate Change Tower – Integrated Project of the National Research Council of Italy and the National Interest Project by the Italian Minister of Education, University and Research (PRIN2007 and PRIN2009). The authors thank Department of Earth System Sciences and Technologies for the Environment, Department of Earth Sciences and Technology of the Environment of CNR and the doctoral program in atmospheric sciences at the University of Helsinki for financial support. Aarhus University acknowledge financial support from Danish Ministry of Environment and food and Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities by means of DANCEA. Publisher Copyright: © 2020. The Authors.

PY - 2021/2/28

Y1 - 2021/2/28

N2 - New particle formation in the Arctic atmosphere is an important source of aerosol particles. Understanding the processes of Arctic secondary aerosol formation is crucial due to their significant impact on cloud properties and therefore Arctic amplification. We observed the molecular formation of new particles from low-volatility vapors at two Arctic sites with differing surroundings. In Svalbard, sulfuric acid (SA) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) contribute to the formation of secondary aerosol and to some extent to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). This occurs via ion-induced nucleation of SA and NH3 and subsequent growth by mainly SA and MSA condensation during springtime and highly oxygenated organic molecules during summertime. By contrast, in an ice-covered region around Villum, we observed new particle formation driven by iodic acid but its concentration was insufficient to grow nucleated particles to CCN sizes. Our results provide new insight about sources and precursors of Arctic secondary aerosol particles.

AB - New particle formation in the Arctic atmosphere is an important source of aerosol particles. Understanding the processes of Arctic secondary aerosol formation is crucial due to their significant impact on cloud properties and therefore Arctic amplification. We observed the molecular formation of new particles from low-volatility vapors at two Arctic sites with differing surroundings. In Svalbard, sulfuric acid (SA) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) contribute to the formation of secondary aerosol and to some extent to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). This occurs via ion-induced nucleation of SA and NH3 and subsequent growth by mainly SA and MSA condensation during springtime and highly oxygenated organic molecules during summertime. By contrast, in an ice-covered region around Villum, we observed new particle formation driven by iodic acid but its concentration was insufficient to grow nucleated particles to CCN sizes. Our results provide new insight about sources and precursors of Arctic secondary aerosol particles.

KW - Arctic atmosphere

KW - low-volatility vapors

KW - new particle formation

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85101416139

U2 - 10.1029/2020GL091334

DO - 10.1029/2020GL091334

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85101416139

SN - 0094-8276

VL - 48

JO - Geophysical Research Letters

JF - Geophysical Research Letters

IS - 4

M1 - e2020GL091334

ER -

Differing Mechanisms of New Particle Formation at Two Arctic Sites

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Keywords

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