TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of Ionic Liquids on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Viability, Behavior, and Histology; Correlation between Toxicity and Ionic Liquid Aggregation
AU - Ruokonen, Suvi Katriina
AU - Sanwald, Corinna
AU - Sundvik, Maria
AU - Polnick, Stefan
AU - Vyavaharkar, Kashmira
AU - Duša, Filip
AU - Holding, Ashley J.
AU - King, Alistair W.T.
AU - Kilpeläinen, Ilkka
AU - Lämmerhofer, Michael
AU - Panula, Pertti
AU - Wiedmer, Susanne K.
N1 - Funding Information:
Financial support from the Academy of Finland, project numbers 266342 (SKW) and 276075 (SKW), from the Finnish Bioeconomy Cluster FIBIC (SKW), from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), project number 57071060 (ML), and from the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation (SKW) are greatly acknowledged. Reeta Huhtala (Tissue preparation and histochemistry unit at the University of Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine) is acknowledged for tissue preparations and staining services.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 American Chemical Society.
PY - 2016/7/5
Y1 - 2016/7/5
N2 - The effect of 11 common amidinium, imidazolium, and phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) was investigated with specific emphasis on the effect of anion and cation chain length and aggregation of phosphonium based ILs. Viability and behavioral alteration in the locomotor activity and place preference, after IL treatment of 5 days postfertilization larvae, was recorded. Behavior and histological damage evaluation was performed for adult fish in order to get insight into the long-term effects of two potential biomass-dissolving ILs, [DBNH][OAc] and [P4441][OAc]. To get an understanding of how IL aggregation is linked to the toxicity of ILs, median effective concentrations (EC50) and critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were determined. The long-chain ILs were significantly more toxic than the short-chain ones, and the anion chain length was shown to be less significant than the cation chain length when assessing the impact of ILs on the viability of the organisms. Furthermore, most of the ILs were as monomers when the EC50 was reached. In addition, the ILs used in the long-term tests showed no significant effect on the zebrafish behavior, breeding, or histology, within the used concentration range.
AB - The effect of 11 common amidinium, imidazolium, and phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) was investigated with specific emphasis on the effect of anion and cation chain length and aggregation of phosphonium based ILs. Viability and behavioral alteration in the locomotor activity and place preference, after IL treatment of 5 days postfertilization larvae, was recorded. Behavior and histological damage evaluation was performed for adult fish in order to get insight into the long-term effects of two potential biomass-dissolving ILs, [DBNH][OAc] and [P4441][OAc]. To get an understanding of how IL aggregation is linked to the toxicity of ILs, median effective concentrations (EC50) and critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were determined. The long-chain ILs were significantly more toxic than the short-chain ones, and the anion chain length was shown to be less significant than the cation chain length when assessing the impact of ILs on the viability of the organisms. Furthermore, most of the ILs were as monomers when the EC50 was reached. In addition, the ILs used in the long-term tests showed no significant effect on the zebrafish behavior, breeding, or histology, within the used concentration range.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84978034218&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.5b06107
DO - 10.1021/acs.est.5b06107
M3 - Article
C2 - 27253865
AN - SCOPUS:84978034218
SN - 0013-936X
VL - 50
SP - 7116
EP - 7125
JO - Environmental Science and Technology
JF - Environmental Science and Technology
IS - 13
ER -