TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of Toluene on PEMFC Performance
AU - Viitakangas, Jaana
AU - Auvinen, Sonja
AU - Costantino, M.
AU - Viik, Saara
AU - Ihonen, Jari
N1 - Funding Information:
The research leading to these results has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement n° 779694 and Business Finland, Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation and Technology. The Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/6/1
Y1 - 2020/6/1
N2 - Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) are promising means for hydrogen transportation. They are compatible with existing liquid fuel transport infrastructure and enable for efficient and safe hydrogen storage and transfer over long distances. Toluene and dibenzyltoluene are considered the two most promising LOHCs. Toluene is probably a contaminant found in hydrogen released from these LOHC liquids. The impact of hydrocarbon contaminants on automotive type fuel cells has been analyzed to a limited extent, and a few species only have specific limits (CO, CO2, HCOOH, HCHO, CH4). Currently, hydrocarbons are limited to a total of 2 ppm (methane basis) in the automotive hydrogen fuel standard, ISO 14687:2019. This may lead to strict impurity levels for species from LOHC, and therefore higher costs of hydrogen purification and quality assurance. This work presents contamination studies with toluene. The measurements were conducted using a PEMFC short stack with anode recirculation and with high fuel utilization (98%). The results show no effect or only a small contamination effect with up to 20 ppm toluene, and clear contamination with 50 ppm toluene. This supports the need for more studies so that a separate limit can be defined for toluene in future versions of the ISO 14687.
AB - Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) are promising means for hydrogen transportation. They are compatible with existing liquid fuel transport infrastructure and enable for efficient and safe hydrogen storage and transfer over long distances. Toluene and dibenzyltoluene are considered the two most promising LOHCs. Toluene is probably a contaminant found in hydrogen released from these LOHC liquids. The impact of hydrocarbon contaminants on automotive type fuel cells has been analyzed to a limited extent, and a few species only have specific limits (CO, CO2, HCOOH, HCHO, CH4). Currently, hydrocarbons are limited to a total of 2 ppm (methane basis) in the automotive hydrogen fuel standard, ISO 14687:2019. This may lead to strict impurity levels for species from LOHC, and therefore higher costs of hydrogen purification and quality assurance. This work presents contamination studies with toluene. The measurements were conducted using a PEMFC short stack with anode recirculation and with high fuel utilization (98%). The results show no effect or only a small contamination effect with up to 20 ppm toluene, and clear contamination with 50 ppm toluene. This supports the need for more studies so that a separate limit can be defined for toluene in future versions of the ISO 14687.
KW - Fuel Cell
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Fuel Impurities
KW - Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers
KW - PEMFC
KW - Toluene
KW - H2020
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85084978291&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/fuce.201900075
DO - 10.1002/fuce.201900075
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85084978291
VL - 20
SP - 245
EP - 252
JO - Fuel Cells
JF - Fuel Cells
SN - 1615-6846
ER -
