TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor
AU - Kuittinen, Niina
AU - McCaffery, Cavan
AU - Peng, Weihan
AU - Zimmerman, Stephen
AU - Roth, Patrick
AU - Simonen, Pauli
AU - Karjalainen, Panu
AU - Keskinen, Jorma
AU - Cocker, David R.
AU - Durbin, Thomas D.
AU - Rönkkö, Topi
AU - Bahreini, Roya
AU - Karavalakis, Georgios
N1 - Funding Information:
We acknowledge funding from CARTEEH (Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), a US Department of Transportation's University Transportation Center and USDA-NIFA Hatch (Project No. CA-R-ENS-5072-H, Accession No. 1015963). Niina Kuittinen acknowledges funding from Tampere University Graduate School and the American-Scandinavian Foundation. Niina Kuittinen and Topi Rönkkö acknowledges funding for the Black Carbon Footprint project, granted by Business Finland, Finnish authorities and companies. The authors thank the late Mr. Kurt Bumiller for helping setting up the experiment and dedicate this publication to his memory. We thank Mr. Mark Villela and Mr. Daniel Gomez of the University of California, Riverside for their contribution in conducting testing for this research program.
Funding Information:
We acknowledge funding from CARTEEH (Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), a US Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Center and USDA-NIFA Hatch (Project No. CA-R-ENS-5072-H , Accession No. 1015963). Niina Kuittinen acknowledges funding from Tampere University Graduate School and the American-Scandinavian Foundation . Niina Kuittinen and Topi Rönkkö acknowledges funding for the Black Carbon Footprint project, granted by Business Finland , Finnish authorities and companies. The authors thank the late Mr. Kurt Bumiller for helping setting up the experiment and dedicate this publication to his memory. We thank Mr. Mark Villela and Mr. Daniel Gomez of the University of California, Riverside for their contribution in conducting testing for this research program.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/8/1
Y1 - 2021/8/1
N2 - A comprehensive study on the effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from a vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine when operated over seven different driving cycles was assessed using an oxidation flow reactor. Both primary emissions and secondary aerosol production were measured over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), LA92, New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), US06, and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), as well as over two real-world cycles developed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) mimicking typical highway driving conditions. We showed that the emissions of primary particles were largely depended on cold-start conditions and acceleration events. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation also exhibited strong dependence on the cold-start cycles and correlated well with SOA precursor emissions (i.e., non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC) during both cold-start and hot-start cycles (correlation coefficients 0.95–0.99), with overall emissions of ∼68–94 mg SOA per g NMHC. SOA formation significantly dropped during the hot-running phases of the cycles, with simultaneous increases in nitrate and ammonium formation as a result of the higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia emissions. Our findings suggest that more SOA will be produced during congested, slow speed, and braking events in highways.
AB - A comprehensive study on the effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from a vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine when operated over seven different driving cycles was assessed using an oxidation flow reactor. Both primary emissions and secondary aerosol production were measured over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), LA92, New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), US06, and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), as well as over two real-world cycles developed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) mimicking typical highway driving conditions. We showed that the emissions of primary particles were largely depended on cold-start conditions and acceleration events. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation also exhibited strong dependence on the cold-start cycles and correlated well with SOA precursor emissions (i.e., non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC) during both cold-start and hot-start cycles (correlation coefficients 0.95–0.99), with overall emissions of ∼68–94 mg SOA per g NMHC. SOA formation significantly dropped during the hot-running phases of the cycles, with simultaneous increases in nitrate and ammonium formation as a result of the higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia emissions. Our findings suggest that more SOA will be produced during congested, slow speed, and braking events in highways.
KW - Driving cycles
KW - Gasoline direct injection
KW - Oxidation flow reactor
KW - Primary emissions
KW - Secondary aerosol
KW - Vehicle Emissions/analysis
KW - Oxidation-Reduction
KW - Air Pollutants/analysis
KW - Aerosols
KW - Automobile Driving
KW - Gasoline/analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103697673&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069
DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069
M3 - Article
C2 - 33831626
AN - SCOPUS:85103697673
VL - 282
JO - Environmental Pollution
JF - Environmental Pollution
SN - 0269-7491
M1 - 117069
ER -