Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor

Niina Kuittinen; Cavan McCaffery; Weihan Peng; Stephen Zimmerman; Patrick Roth; Pauli Simonen; Panu Karjalainen; Jorma Keskinen; David R. Cocker; Thomas D. Durbin; Topi Rönkkö; Roya Bahreini; Georgios Karavalakis

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069

Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor

Niina Kuittinen, Cavan McCaffery, Weihan Peng, Stephen Zimmerman, Patrick Roth, Pauli Simonen, Panu Karjalainen, Jorma Keskinen, David R. Cocker, Thomas D. Durbin, Topi Rönkkö, Roya Bahreini, Georgios Karavalakis^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Not published at VTT

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

15 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

A comprehensive study on the effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from a vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine when operated over seven different driving cycles was assessed using an oxidation flow reactor. Both primary emissions and secondary aerosol production were measured over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), LA92, New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), US06, and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), as well as over two real-world cycles developed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) mimicking typical highway driving conditions. We showed that the emissions of primary particles were largely depended on cold-start conditions and acceleration events. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation also exhibited strong dependence on the cold-start cycles and correlated well with SOA precursor emissions (i.e., non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC) during both cold-start and hot-start cycles (correlation coefficients 0.95–0.99), with overall emissions of ∼68–94 mg SOA per g NMHC. SOA formation significantly dropped during the hot-running phases of the cycles, with simultaneous increases in nitrate and ammonium formation as a result of the higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia emissions. Our findings suggest that more SOA will be produced during congested, slow speed, and braking events in highways.

Original language	English
Article number	117069
Journal	Environmental Pollution
Volume	282
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069
Publication status	Published - 1 Aug 2021
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

We acknowledge funding from CARTEEH (Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), a US Department of Transportation's University Transportation Center and USDA-NIFA Hatch (Project No. CA-R-ENS-5072-H, Accession No. 1015963). Niina Kuittinen acknowledges funding from Tampere University Graduate School and the American-Scandinavian Foundation. Niina Kuittinen and Topi Rönkkö acknowledges funding for the Black Carbon Footprint project, granted by Business Finland, Finnish authorities and companies. The authors thank the late Mr. Kurt Bumiller for helping setting up the experiment and dedicate this publication to his memory. We thank Mr. Mark Villela and Mr. Daniel Gomez of the University of California, Riverside for their contribution in conducting testing for this research program.

Keywords

Driving cycles
Gasoline direct injection
Oxidation flow reactor
Primary emissions
Secondary aerosol
Vehicle Emissions/analysis
Oxidation-Reduction
Air Pollutants/analysis
Aerosols
Automobile Driving
Gasoline/analysis

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10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749121006515Licence: Other

Cite this

Kuittinen, N., McCaffery, C., Peng, W., Zimmerman, S., Roth, P., Simonen, P., Karjalainen, P., Keskinen, J., Cocker, D. R., Durbin, T. D., Rönkkö, T., Bahreini, R., & Karavalakis, G. (2021). Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor. Environmental Pollution, 282, Article 117069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069

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title = "Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor",

abstract = "A comprehensive study on the effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from a vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine when operated over seven different driving cycles was assessed using an oxidation flow reactor. Both primary emissions and secondary aerosol production were measured over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), LA92, New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), US06, and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), as well as over two real-world cycles developed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) mimicking typical highway driving conditions. We showed that the emissions of primary particles were largely depended on cold-start conditions and acceleration events. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation also exhibited strong dependence on the cold-start cycles and correlated well with SOA precursor emissions (i.e., non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC) during both cold-start and hot-start cycles (correlation coefficients 0.95–0.99), with overall emissions of ∼68–94 mg SOA per g NMHC. SOA formation significantly dropped during the hot-running phases of the cycles, with simultaneous increases in nitrate and ammonium formation as a result of the higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia emissions. Our findings suggest that more SOA will be produced during congested, slow speed, and braking events in highways.",

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author = "Niina Kuittinen and Cavan McCaffery and Weihan Peng and Stephen Zimmerman and Patrick Roth and Pauli Simonen and Panu Karjalainen and Jorma Keskinen and Cocker, {David R.} and Durbin, {Thomas D.} and Topi R{\"o}nkk{\"o} and Roya Bahreini and Georgios Karavalakis",

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doi = "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069",

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Kuittinen, N, McCaffery, C, Peng, W, Zimmerman, S, Roth, P, Simonen, P, Karjalainen, P, Keskinen, J, Cocker, DR, Durbin, TD, Rönkkö, T, Bahreini, R & Karavalakis, G 2021, 'Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor', Environmental Pollution, vol. 282, 117069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069

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T1 - Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor

AU - Kuittinen, Niina

AU - McCaffery, Cavan

AU - Peng, Weihan

AU - Zimmerman, Stephen

AU - Roth, Patrick

AU - Simonen, Pauli

AU - Karjalainen, Panu

AU - Keskinen, Jorma

AU - Cocker, David R.

AU - Durbin, Thomas D.

AU - Rönkkö, Topi

AU - Bahreini, Roya

AU - Karavalakis, Georgios

PY - 2021/8/1

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N2 - A comprehensive study on the effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from a vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine when operated over seven different driving cycles was assessed using an oxidation flow reactor. Both primary emissions and secondary aerosol production were measured over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), LA92, New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), US06, and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), as well as over two real-world cycles developed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) mimicking typical highway driving conditions. We showed that the emissions of primary particles were largely depended on cold-start conditions and acceleration events. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation also exhibited strong dependence on the cold-start cycles and correlated well with SOA precursor emissions (i.e., non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC) during both cold-start and hot-start cycles (correlation coefficients 0.95–0.99), with overall emissions of ∼68–94 mg SOA per g NMHC. SOA formation significantly dropped during the hot-running phases of the cycles, with simultaneous increases in nitrate and ammonium formation as a result of the higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia emissions. Our findings suggest that more SOA will be produced during congested, slow speed, and braking events in highways.

AB - A comprehensive study on the effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from a vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine when operated over seven different driving cycles was assessed using an oxidation flow reactor. Both primary emissions and secondary aerosol production were measured over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), LA92, New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), US06, and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), as well as over two real-world cycles developed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) mimicking typical highway driving conditions. We showed that the emissions of primary particles were largely depended on cold-start conditions and acceleration events. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation also exhibited strong dependence on the cold-start cycles and correlated well with SOA precursor emissions (i.e., non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC) during both cold-start and hot-start cycles (correlation coefficients 0.95–0.99), with overall emissions of ∼68–94 mg SOA per g NMHC. SOA formation significantly dropped during the hot-running phases of the cycles, with simultaneous increases in nitrate and ammonium formation as a result of the higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia emissions. Our findings suggest that more SOA will be produced during congested, slow speed, and braking events in highways.

KW - Driving cycles

KW - Gasoline direct injection

KW - Oxidation flow reactor

KW - Primary emissions

KW - Secondary aerosol

KW - Vehicle Emissions/analysis

KW - Oxidation-Reduction

KW - Air Pollutants/analysis

KW - Aerosols

KW - Automobile Driving

KW - Gasoline/analysis

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DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069

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C2 - 33831626

AN - SCOPUS:85103697673

SN - 0269-7491

VL - 282

JO - Environmental Pollution

JF - Environmental Pollution

M1 - 117069

ER -

Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor

Abstract

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Keywords

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