Efficient electronic cooling by niobium-based superconducting tunnel junctions

J. Hätinen; A. Ronzani; R. P. Loreto; E. Mykkänen; A. Kemppinen; K. Viisanen; T. Rantanen; J. Geisor; J. S. Lehtinen; M. Ribeiro; J. P. Kaikkonen; O. Prakash; V. Vesterinen; C. Förbom; E. T. Mannila; M. Kervinen; J. Govenius; M. Prunnila

doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.064048

Efficient electronic cooling by niobium-based superconducting tunnel junctions

J. Hätinen^*, A. Ronzani, R. P. Loreto, E. Mykkänen, A. Kemppinen, K. Viisanen, T. Rantanen, J. Geisor, J. S. Lehtinen, M. Ribeiro, J. P. Kaikkonen, O. Prakash, V. Vesterinen, C. Förbom, E. T. Mannila, M. Kervinen, J. Govenius, M. Prunnila^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

Abstract

Replacing the bulky cryoliquid-based cooling stages of cryoenabled instruments by chip-scale refrigeration is envisioned to disruptively reduce the system size similar to microprocessors did for computers. Electronic refrigerators based on superconducting tunnel junctions have been anticipated to provide a solution, but reaching the necessary above the 1-K operation temperature range has remained a goal out of reach for several decades. We show efficient electronic refrigeration by Al-AlOx-Nb superconducting tunnel junctions starting from bath temperatures above 2 K. The junctions can deliver electronic cooling power up to approximately mW/mm2, which enables us to demonstrate tunnel-current-driven electron temperature reduction from 2.4 K to below 1.6 K (34% relative cooling) against the phonon bath. Our work shows that the key material of integrated superconducting circuits - niobium - enables powerful cryogenic refrigerator technology. This result is a prerequisite for practical cryogenic chip-scale refrigerators and, at the same time, it introduces a new electrothermal tool for quantum heat-transport experiments.

Original language	English
Article number	064048
Journal	Physical Review Applied
Volume	22
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.064048
Publication status	Published - Dec 2024
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

The authors thank Sari Ahlfors, Manika Maharjan and Kaisa Välimaa for technical help in the sample fabrication in VTT and OtaNano Micronova cleanroom facilities. The authors also thank Francesco Giazotto and Elia Strambini for useful discussions. The research was funded by the European Union's Horizon RIA, EIC and ECSEL programmes under Grants Agreement No. 766853 EFINED, No. 824109 European Microkelvin Platform (EMP), No. 101113086 SoCool, No. 101007322 MatQu, and No. 101113983 Qu-Pilot. We also acknowledge financial support of Research Council of Finland through projects No. 322580 ETHEC, No. 356542 SUPSI, the QTF Centre of Excellence project No. 336817, and Business Finland through Quantum Technologies Industrial (QuTI) No. 128291 and Technology Industries of Finland Centennial Foundation and Chips JU project Arctic No. 101139908.

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Hätinen, J., Ronzani, A., Loreto, R. P., Mykkänen, E., Kemppinen, A., Viisanen, K., Rantanen, T., Geisor, J., Lehtinen, J. S., Ribeiro, M., Kaikkonen, J. P., Prakash, O., Vesterinen, V., Förbom, C., Mannila, E. T., Kervinen, M., Govenius, J., & Prunnila, M. (2024). Efficient electronic cooling by niobium-based superconducting tunnel junctions. Physical Review Applied, 22(6), Article 064048. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.064048

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title = "Efficient electronic cooling by niobium-based superconducting tunnel junctions",

abstract = "Replacing the bulky cryoliquid-based cooling stages of cryoenabled instruments by chip-scale refrigeration is envisioned to disruptively reduce the system size similar to microprocessors did for computers. Electronic refrigerators based on superconducting tunnel junctions have been anticipated to provide a solution, but reaching the necessary above the 1-K operation temperature range has remained a goal out of reach for several decades. We show efficient electronic refrigeration by Al-AlOx-Nb superconducting tunnel junctions starting from bath temperatures above 2 K. The junctions can deliver electronic cooling power up to approximately mW/mm2, which enables us to demonstrate tunnel-current-driven electron temperature reduction from 2.4 K to below 1.6 K (34% relative cooling) against the phonon bath. Our work shows that the key material of integrated superconducting circuits - niobium - enables powerful cryogenic refrigerator technology. This result is a prerequisite for practical cryogenic chip-scale refrigerators and, at the same time, it introduces a new electrothermal tool for quantum heat-transport experiments.",

author = "J. H{\"a}tinen and A. Ronzani and Loreto, {R. P.} and E. Mykk{\"a}nen and A. Kemppinen and K. Viisanen and T. Rantanen and J. Geisor and Lehtinen, {J. S.} and M. Ribeiro and Kaikkonen, {J. P.} and O. Prakash and V. Vesterinen and C. F{\"o}rbom and Mannila, {E. T.} and M. Kervinen and J. Govenius and M. Prunnila",

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doi = "10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.064048",

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Hätinen, J , Ronzani, A , Loreto, RP , Mykkänen, E , Kemppinen, A , Viisanen, K , Rantanen, T, Geisor, J, Lehtinen, JS, Ribeiro, M , Kaikkonen, JP, Prakash, O, Vesterinen, V, Förbom, C, Mannila, ET , Kervinen, M, Govenius, J & Prunnila, M 2024, 'Efficient electronic cooling by niobium-based superconducting tunnel junctions', Physical Review Applied, vol. 22, no. 6, 064048. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.064048

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AU - Ronzani, A.

AU - Loreto, R. P.

AU - Mykkänen, E.

AU - Kemppinen, A.

AU - Viisanen, K.

AU - Rantanen, T.

AU - Geisor, J.

AU - Lehtinen, J. S.

AU - Ribeiro, M.

AU - Kaikkonen, J. P.

AU - Prakash, O.

AU - Vesterinen, V.

AU - Förbom, C.

AU - Mannila, E. T.

AU - Kervinen, M.

AU - Govenius, J.

AU - Prunnila, M.

PY - 2024/12

Y1 - 2024/12

N2 - Replacing the bulky cryoliquid-based cooling stages of cryoenabled instruments by chip-scale refrigeration is envisioned to disruptively reduce the system size similar to microprocessors did for computers. Electronic refrigerators based on superconducting tunnel junctions have been anticipated to provide a solution, but reaching the necessary above the 1-K operation temperature range has remained a goal out of reach for several decades. We show efficient electronic refrigeration by Al-AlOx-Nb superconducting tunnel junctions starting from bath temperatures above 2 K. The junctions can deliver electronic cooling power up to approximately mW/mm2, which enables us to demonstrate tunnel-current-driven electron temperature reduction from 2.4 K to below 1.6 K (34% relative cooling) against the phonon bath. Our work shows that the key material of integrated superconducting circuits - niobium - enables powerful cryogenic refrigerator technology. This result is a prerequisite for practical cryogenic chip-scale refrigerators and, at the same time, it introduces a new electrothermal tool for quantum heat-transport experiments.

AB - Replacing the bulky cryoliquid-based cooling stages of cryoenabled instruments by chip-scale refrigeration is envisioned to disruptively reduce the system size similar to microprocessors did for computers. Electronic refrigerators based on superconducting tunnel junctions have been anticipated to provide a solution, but reaching the necessary above the 1-K operation temperature range has remained a goal out of reach for several decades. We show efficient electronic refrigeration by Al-AlOx-Nb superconducting tunnel junctions starting from bath temperatures above 2 K. The junctions can deliver electronic cooling power up to approximately mW/mm2, which enables us to demonstrate tunnel-current-driven electron temperature reduction from 2.4 K to below 1.6 K (34% relative cooling) against the phonon bath. Our work shows that the key material of integrated superconducting circuits - niobium - enables powerful cryogenic refrigerator technology. This result is a prerequisite for practical cryogenic chip-scale refrigerators and, at the same time, it introduces a new electrothermal tool for quantum heat-transport experiments.

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Efficient electronic cooling by niobium-based superconducting tunnel junctions

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