Energetic particle physics: Chapter 7 of the special issue: on the path to tokamak burning plasma operation

M. Salewski*, D. A. Spong, P. Aleynikov, R. Bilato, B. N. Breizman, S. Briguglio, H. Cai, L. Chen, W. Chen, V. N. Duarte, R. J. Dumont, M. V. Falessi, M. Fitzgerald, E. D. Fredrickson, M. García-Muñoz, N. N. Gorelenkov, T. Hayward-Schneider, W. W. Heidbrink, M. J. Hole, Ye O. KazakovV. G. Kiptily, A. Könies, T. Kurki-Suonio, Ph Lauber, S. A. Lazerson, Z. Lin, A. Mishchenko, D. Moseev, C. M. Muscatello, M. Nocente, M. Podestà, A. Polevoi, M. Schneider, S. E. Sharapov, Antti Snicker, Y. Todo, Z. Qiu, G. Vlad, X. Wang, D. Zarzoso, M. A. Van Zeeland, F. Zonca, S. D. Pinches

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview Articlepeer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

We review the physics of energetic particles (EPs) in magnetically confined burning fusion plasmas with focus on advances since the last update of the ITER Physics Basis (Fasoli et al 2007 Nucl. Fusion 47 S264). Topics include basic EP physics, EP generation, diagnostics of EPs and instabilities, the interaction of EPs and thermal plasma instabilities, EP-driven instabilities, energetic particle modes (EPMs), and turbulence, linear and nonlinear stability and simulation of EP-driven instabilities and EPMs, 3D effects, scenario optimization strategies based on EP phase-space control, EPs in reduced field scenarios in ITER before DT, and the physics of runaway electrons. We describe the simulation and modeling of EPs in fusion plasmas, including instability drive and damping as well as EP transport, with a range of approaches from first-principles to reduced models, including gyrokinetic simulations, kinetic-MHD models, gyrofluid models, reduced models, and semi-analytical approaches.

Original languageEnglish
Article number043002
JournalNuclear Fusion
Volume65
Issue number4
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Apr 2025
MoE publication typeA2 Review article in a scientific journal

Funding

Authors from institutes in the EU (M. Salewski, P. Aleynikov, B. Bilato, S. Briguglio, R.J. Dumont, M.V. Falessi, M. Garc\u00EDa-Mu\u00F1oz, T. Hayward-Schneider, Ye.O. Kazakov, A. K\u00F6nies, T. Kurki-Suonio, Ph. Lauber, S.A. Lazerson, A. Mishchenko, D. Moseev, M. Nocente, M. Podest\u00E0, A. Snicker, G. Vlad, X. Wang. D. Zarzoso, and F. Zonca) received funding within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No. 101052200\u2014EUROfusion). M. Salewski was partially supported by the Villum Synergy Grant No. VIL50096 from the Villum Foundation. A. Snicker was partially funded by the Academy of Finland Project Nos. 353370 and 324759. The Swiss contribution to this work has been funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI). Authors from the UK (M. Fitzgerald, S.E. Sharapov, V.G. Kiptily) are funded by the EPSRC Energy Programme (grant number EP/W006839/1). B.N. Breizman was supported by U.S. DOE Contracts DEFG02-04ER54742 and DESC0016283. W. Heidbrink was partially supported by U.S. DOE Grant DE-SC0020337. V.N. Duarte, E. Fredrickson, N.N. Gorelenkov and M. Podest\u00E0 were supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-09CH11466. Z. Lin, N.N. Gorelenkov, V.N. Duarte and D. A. Spong were partially supported by US DOE SciDAC ISEP and INCITE. D. Zarzoso received financial support from the AIM4EP Project (ANR-21-CE30-0018), funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR). D. A. Spong was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, under Award DE-AC05-00OR22725.

Keywords

  • burning plasmas
  • energetic particle physics
  • fast ion physics
  • runaway electron physics

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