Energy Management for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Heavy-duty Vehicle

Erik Skeel; Ari Hentunen; Mikko Pihlatie; Jari Vepsäläinen; Mikaela Ranta; Prashant Singh; Sai Santhosh Tota

Energy Management for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Heavy-duty Vehicle

Aalto University

Research output: Contribution to conference › Conference article › Scientific › peer-review

Abstract

The transition to environmentally responsible land freight transportation is critical to reducing global emissions. This study investigates energy management strategies (EMSs) for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FC-PHEV) designed for heavy-duty applications. A backward-facing vehicle model is developed to test several EMSs, including both optimization and rule-based strategies. The EMSs are evaluated in terms of energy consumption, battery degradation, and fuel cell degradation. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) emerged as a promising option, motivating further testing with a forward-facing model and additional drive cycles. The results show that ECMS can be effective for a heavy-duty FC-PHEV, with the average energy consumption from ECMS across five drive cycles about 1% higher than the consumption from the global optimal solution and 7.5% lower than the consumption from a simple rule-based strategy

Original language	English
Number of pages	12
Publication status	Published - 17 Jun 2025
MoE publication type	Not Eligible
Event	38th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, EVS 38 - Gothenburg, Sweden Duration: 15 Jun 2025 → 18 Jun 2025

Conference

Conference	38th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, EVS 38
Country/Territory	Sweden
City	Gothenburg
Period	15/06/25 → 18/06/25

Funding

This work was supported by the ESCALATE project which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program under grant agreement ID: 101096598. This work was also funded by European Union NextGenerationEU project, which is part of the strategic research opening “Electric Storage” of VTT, launched with the support of the additional chapter of the RePowerEU investment and reform programme for sustainable growth in Finland.

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

Keywords

Energy Management
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
Heavy Duty Electric Vehicles & Buses
Modeling & Simulation
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles

Access to Document

https://evs38-program.org/images/Proceedings/H%20Electric%20Vehicle%20management/241_Energy%20Management%20for%20a%20Fuel%20Cell%20Plug-in%20Hybrid%20Heavy-duty%20Vehicle.pdf

1 Finished
1 Active

ESCALATE: Powering EU Net Zero Future by Escalating Zero Emission HDVs and Logistic Intelligence
Pihlatie, M. (Manager), Antila, M. (Participant), Ihonen, J. (Participant), Åman, R. (Participant), Vänttinen, L. (Participant), Ranta, M. (Participant), Anttila, J. (Participant), Skeel, E. (Participant), Tota, S. (Participant) & Singh, P. (Participant)
1/01/23 → 30/06/26
Project: EU project
Electrification of transport
Hentunen, A. (Manager), Pihlatie, M. (Participant), Antila, M. (Participant), Anttila, J. (Participant), Arora, S. (Participant), Haavisto, J. (Participant), Jenu, S. (Participant), Junttila, J. (Participant), Kantoniemi, N. (Participant), Keränen, J. S. (Participant), Manninen, A. (Participant), Muona, T. (Participant), Paakkinen, M. (Participant), Pippuri-Mäkeläinen, J. (Participant), Rahkola, P. (Participant), Ranta, M. (Participant), Rauf, H. (Participant), Rehan, M. (Participant), Roine, J. (Participant), Savolainen, M. (Participant), Shah, S. (Participant), Singh, P. (Participant), Skeel, E. (Participant), Todorov, Y. (Participant), Tota, S. (Participant), Urishov, D. (Participant), Vehviläinen, M. (Participant), Lumiaho, A. (Participant) & Farzam Far, M. (Participant)
Funded by the European Union
1/01/24 → 31/12/25
Project: Finnish government project

Cite this

Skeel, E., Hentunen, A., Pihlatie, M., Vepsäläinen, J., Ranta, M., Singh, P., & Tota, S. S. (2025). Energy Management for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Heavy-duty Vehicle. Paper presented at 38th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, EVS 38, Gothenburg, Sweden. https://evs38-program.org/images/Proceedings/H%20Electric%20Vehicle%20management/241_Energy%20Management%20for%20a%20Fuel%20Cell%20Plug-in%20Hybrid%20Heavy-duty%20Vehicle.pdf

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title = "Energy Management for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Heavy-duty Vehicle",

abstract = "The transition to environmentally responsible land freight transportation is critical to reducing global emissions. This study investigates energy management strategies (EMSs) for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FC-PHEV) designed for heavy-duty applications. A backward-facing vehicle model is developed to test several EMSs, including both optimization and rule-based strategies. The EMSs are evaluated in terms of energy consumption, battery degradation, and fuel cell degradation. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) emerged as a promising option, motivating further testing with a forward-facing model and additional drive cycles. The results show that ECMS can be effective for a heavy-duty FC-PHEV, with the average energy consumption from ECMS across five drive cycles about 1\% higher than the consumption from the global optimal solution and 7.5\% lower than the consumption from a simple rule-based strategy",

keywords = "Energy Management, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, Heavy Duty Electric Vehicles \& Buses, Modeling \& Simulation, Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles",

author = "Erik Skeel and Ari Hentunen and Mikko Pihlatie and Jari Veps{\"a}l{\"a}inen and Mikaela Ranta and Prashant Singh and Tota, \{Sai Santhosh\}",

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Skeel, E , Hentunen, A , Pihlatie, M, Vepsäläinen, J, Ranta, M , Singh, P & Tota, SS 2025, 'Energy Management for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Heavy-duty Vehicle', Paper presented at 38th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, EVS 38, Gothenburg, Sweden, 15/06/25 - 18/06/25. <https://evs38-program.org/images/Proceedings/H%20Electric%20Vehicle%20management/241_Energy%20Management%20for%20a%20Fuel%20Cell%20Plug-in%20Hybrid%20Heavy-duty%20Vehicle.pdf>

TY - CONF

T1 - Energy Management for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Heavy-duty Vehicle

AU - Skeel, Erik

AU - Hentunen, Ari

AU - Pihlatie, Mikko

AU - Vepsäläinen, Jari

AU - Ranta, Mikaela

AU - Singh, Prashant

AU - Tota, Sai Santhosh

PY - 2025/6/17

Y1 - 2025/6/17

N2 - The transition to environmentally responsible land freight transportation is critical to reducing global emissions. This study investigates energy management strategies (EMSs) for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FC-PHEV) designed for heavy-duty applications. A backward-facing vehicle model is developed to test several EMSs, including both optimization and rule-based strategies. The EMSs are evaluated in terms of energy consumption, battery degradation, and fuel cell degradation. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) emerged as a promising option, motivating further testing with a forward-facing model and additional drive cycles. The results show that ECMS can be effective for a heavy-duty FC-PHEV, with the average energy consumption from ECMS across five drive cycles about 1% higher than the consumption from the global optimal solution and 7.5% lower than the consumption from a simple rule-based strategy

AB - The transition to environmentally responsible land freight transportation is critical to reducing global emissions. This study investigates energy management strategies (EMSs) for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FC-PHEV) designed for heavy-duty applications. A backward-facing vehicle model is developed to test several EMSs, including both optimization and rule-based strategies. The EMSs are evaluated in terms of energy consumption, battery degradation, and fuel cell degradation. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) emerged as a promising option, motivating further testing with a forward-facing model and additional drive cycles. The results show that ECMS can be effective for a heavy-duty FC-PHEV, with the average energy consumption from ECMS across five drive cycles about 1% higher than the consumption from the global optimal solution and 7.5% lower than the consumption from a simple rule-based strategy

KW - Energy Management

KW - Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

KW - Heavy Duty Electric Vehicles & Buses

KW - Modeling & Simulation

KW - Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles

M3 - Conference article

T2 - 38th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, EVS 38

Y2 - 15 June 2025 through 18 June 2025

ER -

Energy Management for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Heavy-duty Vehicle

Abstract

Conference

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

Fingerprint

Projects

ESCALATE: Powering EU Net Zero Future by Escalating Zero Emission HDVs and Logistic Intelligence

Electrification of transport

Cite this