Flexible Cu2AgBiI6-based perovskite-inspired solar cells using large-scale processing methods

Ville Holappa; G. Krishnamurthy Grandhi; Noora Lamminen; Riikka Suhonen; Thomas M. Kraft; Paola Vivo

doi:10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5

Flexible Cu2AgBiI6-based perovskite-inspired solar cells using large-scale processing methods

Ville Holappa^*
, G. Krishnamurthy Grandhi
, Noora Lamminen
, Riikka Suhonen
, Thomas M. Kraft
, Paola Vivo

^*Corresponding author for this work

BA7404 Printed materials systems

Tampere University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

10 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

In this work, emerging perovskite-inspired Cu2AgBiI6 (CABI) solar cells were successfully fabricated on flexible substrates, demonstrating that the transition from rigid to flexible materials does not compromise device performance. This underscores the versatility of CABI on two different kinds of substrates. Additionally, to optimize charge extraction, we selected a polymeric hole-transport material (HTM), PPDT2FBT, whose energy levels align with CABI. The PPDT2FBT-based devices outperformed those using the well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), leading to power conversion efficiencies as high as approximately 0.8%. These results suggest that PPDT2FBT may hold promise as a HTM for use in low-toxicity, perovskite-inspired photovoltaic systems, such as those based on CABI. Furthermore, roll-to-roll processing techniques, crucial for scalable production, were tested. However, controlling the morphology of the active layer remains a significant challenge. These findings represent critical steps toward the large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of flexible, PIM-based solar cells.

Original language	English
Article number	6
Journal	npj Flexible Electronics
Volume	10
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5
Publication status	Published - Dec 2026
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

The work is part of the Research Council of Finland Flagship Programme, Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN), decision number 346545. This work was supported by the Research Council of Finland, Printed intelligence infrastructure funding, decision 358621. N.L. thanks The Emil Aaltonen Foundation for funding. P.V. and G.K.G. acknowledge the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation (SOL-TECH project) for funding. P.V. and G.K.G. also thank the SPOT-IT project founded by the CETPartnership, the Clean and Energy Transition Partnership under the 2022 CET Partnership joint call for research proposal, co-founded by the European Commission (GA 101069750) and with the founding of the organizations detailed on https://cetpartnership.eu/funding-agencies-and-call-modules.

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

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s41528-025-00505-5Final published version, 1.31 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Flexible Cu2AgBiI6-based perovskite-inspired solar cells using large-scale processing methods",

abstract = "In this work, emerging perovskite-inspired Cu2AgBiI6 (CABI) solar cells were successfully fabricated on flexible substrates, demonstrating that the transition from rigid to flexible materials does not compromise device performance. This underscores the versatility of CABI on two different kinds of substrates. Additionally, to optimize charge extraction, we selected a polymeric hole-transport material (HTM), PPDT2FBT, whose energy levels align with CABI. The PPDT2FBT-based devices outperformed those using the well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), leading to power conversion efficiencies as high as approximately 0.8\%. These results suggest that PPDT2FBT may hold promise as a HTM for use in low-toxicity, perovskite-inspired photovoltaic systems, such as those based on CABI. Furthermore, roll-to-roll processing techniques, crucial for scalable production, were tested. However, controlling the morphology of the active layer remains a significant challenge. These findings represent critical steps toward the large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of flexible, PIM-based solar cells.",

author = "Ville Holappa and Grandhi, \{G. Krishnamurthy\} and Noora Lamminen and Riikka Suhonen and Kraft, \{Thomas M.\} and Paola Vivo",

year = "2026",

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doi = "10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5",

language = "English",

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AU - Grandhi, G. Krishnamurthy

AU - Lamminen, Noora

AU - Suhonen, Riikka

AU - Kraft, Thomas M.

AU - Vivo, Paola

PY - 2026/12

Y1 - 2026/12

N2 - In this work, emerging perovskite-inspired Cu2AgBiI6 (CABI) solar cells were successfully fabricated on flexible substrates, demonstrating that the transition from rigid to flexible materials does not compromise device performance. This underscores the versatility of CABI on two different kinds of substrates. Additionally, to optimize charge extraction, we selected a polymeric hole-transport material (HTM), PPDT2FBT, whose energy levels align with CABI. The PPDT2FBT-based devices outperformed those using the well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), leading to power conversion efficiencies as high as approximately 0.8%. These results suggest that PPDT2FBT may hold promise as a HTM for use in low-toxicity, perovskite-inspired photovoltaic systems, such as those based on CABI. Furthermore, roll-to-roll processing techniques, crucial for scalable production, were tested. However, controlling the morphology of the active layer remains a significant challenge. These findings represent critical steps toward the large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of flexible, PIM-based solar cells.

AB - In this work, emerging perovskite-inspired Cu2AgBiI6 (CABI) solar cells were successfully fabricated on flexible substrates, demonstrating that the transition from rigid to flexible materials does not compromise device performance. This underscores the versatility of CABI on two different kinds of substrates. Additionally, to optimize charge extraction, we selected a polymeric hole-transport material (HTM), PPDT2FBT, whose energy levels align with CABI. The PPDT2FBT-based devices outperformed those using the well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), leading to power conversion efficiencies as high as approximately 0.8%. These results suggest that PPDT2FBT may hold promise as a HTM for use in low-toxicity, perovskite-inspired photovoltaic systems, such as those based on CABI. Furthermore, roll-to-roll processing techniques, crucial for scalable production, were tested. However, controlling the morphology of the active layer remains a significant challenge. These findings represent critical steps toward the large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of flexible, PIM-based solar cells.

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Flexible Cu2AgBiI6-based perovskite-inspired solar cells using large-scale processing methods

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

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