Abstract
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was graft copolymerized in aqueous suspension by a redox-initiated free radical method. Cerium ammonium nitrate was used as initiator. Acrylic monomers used in the grafting were glycidyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Effects of monomer type and concentration, initiator concentration and polymerization time on grafting from NFC were studied. Grafting was verified by several chemical characterizations and the synthesis method was found to be both efficient and selective for grafting. Overall, graft yields were higher than those reported in studies with macroscopic cellulose but surprisingly independent of the water solubility of each monomer. All modifications made NFC more hydrophobic, and some also improved its heat resistance. The structures formed by the grafted polymer varied from a thin coating to a matrix completely surrounding the nanofibrils. By performing the grafting in aqueous suspension, the nanofibrillar structure was retained.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1039-1047 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | Carbohydrate Polymers |
| Volume | 84 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 17 Mar 2011 |
| MoE publication type | A1 Journal article-refereed |
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Keywords
- Acrylates
- Copolymerization
- Grafting from
- Methacrylates
- Nanofibrillated cellulose
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Free radical graft copolymerization of nanofibrillated cellulose with acrylic monomers. / Littunen, Kuisma; Hippi, Ulla; Johansson, Leena Sisko; Österberg, Monika; Tammelin, Tekla; Laine, Janne; Seppälä, Jukka.
In: Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 84, No. 3, 17.03.2011, p. 1039-1047.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Free radical graft copolymerization of nanofibrillated cellulose with acrylic monomers
AU - Littunen, Kuisma
AU - Hippi, Ulla
AU - Johansson, Leena Sisko
AU - Österberg, Monika
AU - Tammelin, Tekla
AU - Laine, Janne
AU - Seppälä, Jukka
PY - 2011/3/17
Y1 - 2011/3/17
N2 - Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was graft copolymerized in aqueous suspension by a redox-initiated free radical method. Cerium ammonium nitrate was used as initiator. Acrylic monomers used in the grafting were glycidyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Effects of monomer type and concentration, initiator concentration and polymerization time on grafting from NFC were studied. Grafting was verified by several chemical characterizations and the synthesis method was found to be both efficient and selective for grafting. Overall, graft yields were higher than those reported in studies with macroscopic cellulose but surprisingly independent of the water solubility of each monomer. All modifications made NFC more hydrophobic, and some also improved its heat resistance. The structures formed by the grafted polymer varied from a thin coating to a matrix completely surrounding the nanofibrils. By performing the grafting in aqueous suspension, the nanofibrillar structure was retained.
AB - Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was graft copolymerized in aqueous suspension by a redox-initiated free radical method. Cerium ammonium nitrate was used as initiator. Acrylic monomers used in the grafting were glycidyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Effects of monomer type and concentration, initiator concentration and polymerization time on grafting from NFC were studied. Grafting was verified by several chemical characterizations and the synthesis method was found to be both efficient and selective for grafting. Overall, graft yields were higher than those reported in studies with macroscopic cellulose but surprisingly independent of the water solubility of each monomer. All modifications made NFC more hydrophobic, and some also improved its heat resistance. The structures formed by the grafted polymer varied from a thin coating to a matrix completely surrounding the nanofibrils. By performing the grafting in aqueous suspension, the nanofibrillar structure was retained.
KW - Acrylates
KW - Copolymerization
KW - Grafting from
KW - Methacrylates
KW - Nanofibrillated cellulose
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=79951682798&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.064
DO - 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.064
M3 - Article
VL - 84
SP - 1039
EP - 1047
JO - Carbohydrate Polymers
JF - Carbohydrate Polymers
SN - 0144-8617
IS - 3
ER -