Abstract
This study aims to investigate the fulfillment of four
Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) balances, NZEB-PE,
NZEB-site, NZEB-emission and NZEB-cost, considering the
four metrics of primary energy (PE), site energy,
CO2-eqemissions and energy cost, respectively, using
weighting factors based on Finnish and international
reference data. The study analyzes five conventional
energy systems and seven biomass-based standalone and
shared combined heat and power (CHP) systems. These
systems are connected to a single family house located in
Helsinki, Finland, with two energy efficiency levels: a
standard house and a passive house, simulated by Trnsys
software. The annual balance of the import and export of
the operational thermal and electrical energies is
applied. The simulated results indicate that the
NZEB-emission, NZEB-PE, NZEB-cost, and NZEB-site are
arranged in that order according to the ease of
fulfilling the annual balance. Making the house high in
thermal energy efficiency (or adding solar thermal
collectors) for all the studied systems is a step towards
achieving NZEB-PE, NZEB-cost, and NZEB-site. On the
contrary, achieving the NZEB-emission by the shared CHPs
connected to the standard house is easier than the
passive house. The NZEB balance is more attainable by the
shared CHPs than the standalone CHPs. The NZEB-PE is
easier to achieve using the international factors than
using the Finnish PE factors
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 385-399 |
| Journal | Applied Energy |
| Volume | 114 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2014 |
| MoE publication type | A1 Journal article-refereed |
Keywords
- Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)
- primary energy
- CO2-eq emissions
- Micro and small-scale combined heat and power (micro and small CHP)
- biomass