Functionalized millimeter-scale vapor cells for alkali-metal spectroscopy and magnetometry

Harini Raghavan; Michael C.D. Tayler; Kostas Mouloudakis; Rachel Rae; Sami Lähteenmäki; Rasmus Zetter; Petteri Laine; Jacques Haesler; Laurent Balet; Thomas Overstolz; Sylvain Karlen; Morgan W. Mitchell

doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.044011

Functionalized millimeter-scale vapor cells for alkali-metal spectroscopy and magnetometry

Harini Raghavan
, Michael C.D. Tayler^*
, Kostas Mouloudakis^*
, Rachel Rae
, Sami Lähteenmäki
, Rasmus Zetter
, Petteri Laine
, Jacques Haesler
, Laurent Balet
, Thomas Overstolz
, Sylvain Karlen
, Morgan W. Mitchell^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques (ICFO)
Megin Oy
Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique S.A. (CSEM)
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

18 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

We describe microfabricated rubidium vapor cells with integrated temperature-control functionality and demonstrate their suitability for use in miniaturized ultrasensitive magnetometers. These functionalized vapor cells (FVCs) embody a dual-chamber design in low-conductivity silicon with antipermeation coatings and microstructured thin-film platinum surface traces as resistive heaters and temperature sensors. Thermal tests show our ability to control alkali-metal distribution within the FVCs, ensuring a clean sensing chamber for optical measurements. Optical-absorption spectroscopy is used to correlate the temperature readings with vapor density and to measure buffer-gas pressure, of interest for optimizing sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrate zero-field resonance magnetometry with 18fT/Hz sensitivity in the 10- to 100-Hz band, limited by laser noise and magnetic shield noise, which indicates that the functionalization does not introduce significant magnetic noise.

Original language	English
Article number	044011
Journal	Physical Review Applied
Volume	22
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.044011
Publication status	Published - Oct 2024
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

The work described is funded by The EU's European Innovation Council project OPMMEG (101099379); The Spanish Ministry of Science MCIN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat de Catalunya \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D Center of Excellence CEX2019-000910-S; the Spanish Ministry of Science projects SAPONARIA (PID2021-123813NB-I00), MARICHAS (PID2021-126059OA-I00), SEE-13-MRI (CPP2022-009771) plus RYC2022-035450-I, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA program; Ag\u00E8ncia de Gesti\u00F3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca Grants No. 2017-SGR-1354 and No. 2021 FI_B_01039; Fundaci\u00F3 Privada Cellex; Fundaci\u00F3 Mir-Puig; Grant No. FJC2021-047840-I funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union project \u201CNextGenerationEU/PRTR.\u201D The project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from the \u201Cla Caixa\u201D Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/DI24/12070013. Funded by the European Union (ERC, Field-Seer, 101097313 and RIA project QUANTIFY, 101135931). We acknowledge the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under project macQsimal (Grant Agreement No. 820393). Views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. The authors also thank Tapani Makkonen for finite-element-modeling simulations related to the thermal performance of the FVC. The work described is funded by The EU\u2019s European Innovation Council project OPMMEG (101099379); The Spanish Ministry of Science MCIN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat de Catalunya \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D Center of Excellence CEX2019-000910-S; the Spanish Ministry of Science projects SAPONARIA (PID2021-123813NB-I00), MARICHAS (PID2021-126059OA-I00), SEE-13-MRI (CPP2022-009771) plus RYC2022-035450-I, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA program; Ag\u00E8ncia de Gesti\u00F3 d\u2019Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca Grants No. 2017-SGR-1354 and No. 2021 FI_B_01039; Fundaci\u00F3 Privada Cellex; Fundaci\u00F3 Mir-Puig; Grant No. FJC2021-047840-I funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union project \u201CNextGenerationEU/PRTR.\u201D The project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from the \u201Cla Caixa\u201D Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/DI24/12070013. Funded by the European Union (ERC, Field-Seer, 101097313 and RIA project QUANTIFY, 101135931). We acknowledge the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under project macQsimal (Grant Agreement No. 820393). Views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. The authors also thank Tapani Makkonen for finite-element-modeling simulations related to the thermal performance of the FVC.

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10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.044011

Cite this

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title = "Functionalized millimeter-scale vapor cells for alkali-metal spectroscopy and magnetometry",

abstract = "We describe microfabricated rubidium vapor cells with integrated temperature-control functionality and demonstrate their suitability for use in miniaturized ultrasensitive magnetometers. These functionalized vapor cells (FVCs) embody a dual-chamber design in low-conductivity silicon with antipermeation coatings and microstructured thin-film platinum surface traces as resistive heaters and temperature sensors. Thermal tests show our ability to control alkali-metal distribution within the FVCs, ensuring a clean sensing chamber for optical measurements. Optical-absorption spectroscopy is used to correlate the temperature readings with vapor density and to measure buffer-gas pressure, of interest for optimizing sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrate zero-field resonance magnetometry with 18fT/Hz sensitivity in the 10- to 100-Hz band, limited by laser noise and magnetic shield noise, which indicates that the functionalization does not introduce significant magnetic noise.",

author = "Harini Raghavan and Tayler, \{Michael C.D.\} and Kostas Mouloudakis and Rachel Rae and Sami L{\"a}hteenm{\"a}ki and Rasmus Zetter and Petteri Laine and Jacques Haesler and Laurent Balet and Thomas Overstolz and Sylvain Karlen and Mitchell, \{Morgan W.\}",

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AU - Raghavan, Harini

AU - Tayler, Michael C.D.

AU - Mouloudakis, Kostas

AU - Rae, Rachel

AU - Lähteenmäki, Sami

AU - Zetter, Rasmus

AU - Laine, Petteri

AU - Haesler, Jacques

AU - Balet, Laurent

AU - Overstolz, Thomas

AU - Karlen, Sylvain

AU - Mitchell, Morgan W.

PY - 2024/10

Y1 - 2024/10

N2 - We describe microfabricated rubidium vapor cells with integrated temperature-control functionality and demonstrate their suitability for use in miniaturized ultrasensitive magnetometers. These functionalized vapor cells (FVCs) embody a dual-chamber design in low-conductivity silicon with antipermeation coatings and microstructured thin-film platinum surface traces as resistive heaters and temperature sensors. Thermal tests show our ability to control alkali-metal distribution within the FVCs, ensuring a clean sensing chamber for optical measurements. Optical-absorption spectroscopy is used to correlate the temperature readings with vapor density and to measure buffer-gas pressure, of interest for optimizing sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrate zero-field resonance magnetometry with 18fT/Hz sensitivity in the 10- to 100-Hz band, limited by laser noise and magnetic shield noise, which indicates that the functionalization does not introduce significant magnetic noise.

AB - We describe microfabricated rubidium vapor cells with integrated temperature-control functionality and demonstrate their suitability for use in miniaturized ultrasensitive magnetometers. These functionalized vapor cells (FVCs) embody a dual-chamber design in low-conductivity silicon with antipermeation coatings and microstructured thin-film platinum surface traces as resistive heaters and temperature sensors. Thermal tests show our ability to control alkali-metal distribution within the FVCs, ensuring a clean sensing chamber for optical measurements. Optical-absorption spectroscopy is used to correlate the temperature readings with vapor density and to measure buffer-gas pressure, of interest for optimizing sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrate zero-field resonance magnetometry with 18fT/Hz sensitivity in the 10- to 100-Hz band, limited by laser noise and magnetic shield noise, which indicates that the functionalization does not introduce significant magnetic noise.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85207429538

U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.044011

DO - 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.044011

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85207429538

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VL - 22

JO - Physical Review Applied

JF - Physical Review Applied

IS - 4

M1 - 044011

ER -

Functionalized millimeter-scale vapor cells for alkali-metal spectroscopy and magnetometry

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