Hypocholesterolemic Effect of the Lignin-Rich Insoluble Residue of Brewer's Spent Grain in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Ghulam Shere Raza, Johanna Maukonen, Markus Makinen, Piritta Niemi, Laura Niiranen, Ashley A. Hibberd, Kaisa Poutanen, Johanna Buchert, Karl Heinz Herzig* (Corresponding Author)

*Corresponding author for this work

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticleScientificpeer-review

    41 Citations (Scopus)

    Abstract

    Insoluble residue (INS) is a lignin-rich fraction of brewer's spent grain (BSG) that also contains β-glucan and arabinoxylan, the major constituents of dietary fiber. We investigated the effects of INS in diet-induced obese mice in terms of lipid metabolism and metabolic diseases. Male mice (C57bl6) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), a HFD + 20% INS, a HFD + 20% cellulose (CEL), a HFD with a combination of 20% INS-CEL (1:1), or a control diet for 14 weeks. Insulin and glucose tolerance tests were performed after 12 weeks. Fasting plasma lipids, bile acid, and fecal bile acid were measured after 14 weeks of feeding, and tissues were collected for gene expression analysis. Body weight gain was significantly reduced with all fibers, but only INS and INS-CEL decreased fasting plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol compared to HFD. CEL and INS-CEL significantly improved insulin resistance. Fecal bile acids were significantly increased by all fibers, but there was no change in plasma bile acid. Clostridium leptum was increased with all fibers, but universal bacterial diversity was only with INS and INS-CEL. In addition, INS significantly increased the abundance of Bacteriodes, while CEL decreased Atopobium and Lactobacillus. INS feeding significantly upregulated various genes of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, such as Srebp2, Hmgcr, Ldlr, Cyp7a1, Pparα, Fxr, and Pxr, in the liver. INS, INS-CEL, and CEL significantly attenuated liver steatosis. Our results suggest that INS from BSG induced beneficial systemic changes in mice via gut microbiota, bile acids, and gene expression in the liver.
    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)1104-1114
    JournalJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
    Volume67
    Issue number4
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished - 30 Jan 2019
    MoE publication typeA1 Journal article-refereed

    Keywords

    • bile acids
    • dietary fiber
    • high-fat diet
    • microbiome
    • plasma cholesterol

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