TY - GEN
T1 - Improvements in test protocols for electric vehicles to determine range and total energy consumption
AU - Laurikko, Juhani
AU - Nuottimäki, Jukka
AU - Nylund, Nils-Olof
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - As electric vehicles have entered the market fairly
recently, test procedures have not yet been much adjusted
to address their particular features. Mostly EVs are
tested the same way as the ICE-driven cars with the
exception that determining range is also part of the
procedure. However, the current procedures address mainly
primary energy consumption, i.e. energy needed to propel
the vehicle, whereas the secondary energy, like energy
used for cabin heating, cooling and ventilation, is not
accounted properly. Main reason is probably the fact that
a large proportion of this energy is catered by the waste
or excess energy, but in an EV also this part of energy
uses is drawn from the battery. Therefore, range of an EV
may differ fairly strongly depending on ambient
conditions, as in adverse conditions secondary energy use
may rise considerably. Furthermore, unlike propulsion
energy use that is mainly dependent on driving speed,
secondary energy use is mostly dependent on ambient
temperature and driving time, and energy is spend even
when the vehicle is stopped. However, the challenge to
determine a procedure that would more properly address
the various parameters that affect range is quite
substantial. Also any laboratory test procedure is always
a compromise, because it is not possible in practice to
replicate the real-life driving completely. Therefore,
the authors call upon the engineering community to work
on this subject. This chapter outlines our attempt to
address this issue, and presents data from in-laboratory
testing at normal and low ambient temperatures. It was
found that cold driving at -20 °C ambient can shorten the
range by about 20%, even without cabin heating engaged,
compared to normal ambient conditions. Using the electric
cabin heater will shorten the range further by about 50%
in urban driving and some 20% in road-type of driving
with higher average speeds.
AB - As electric vehicles have entered the market fairly
recently, test procedures have not yet been much adjusted
to address their particular features. Mostly EVs are
tested the same way as the ICE-driven cars with the
exception that determining range is also part of the
procedure. However, the current procedures address mainly
primary energy consumption, i.e. energy needed to propel
the vehicle, whereas the secondary energy, like energy
used for cabin heating, cooling and ventilation, is not
accounted properly. Main reason is probably the fact that
a large proportion of this energy is catered by the waste
or excess energy, but in an EV also this part of energy
uses is drawn from the battery. Therefore, range of an EV
may differ fairly strongly depending on ambient
conditions, as in adverse conditions secondary energy use
may rise considerably. Furthermore, unlike propulsion
energy use that is mainly dependent on driving speed,
secondary energy use is mostly dependent on ambient
temperature and driving time, and energy is spend even
when the vehicle is stopped. However, the challenge to
determine a procedure that would more properly address
the various parameters that affect range is quite
substantial. Also any laboratory test procedure is always
a compromise, because it is not possible in practice to
replicate the real-life driving completely. Therefore,
the authors call upon the engineering community to work
on this subject. This chapter outlines our attempt to
address this issue, and presents data from in-laboratory
testing at normal and low ambient temperatures. It was
found that cold driving at -20 °C ambient can shorten the
range by about 20%, even without cabin heating engaged,
compared to normal ambient conditions. Using the electric
cabin heater will shorten the range further by about 50%
in urban driving and some 20% in road-type of driving
with higher average speeds.
KW - automotive engineering
KW - electric vehicles
KW - simulation
KW - modeling
KW - ambient conditions
U2 - 10.1007/978-3-642-33738-3_67
DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-33738-3_67
M3 - Conference article in proceedings
SN - 978-3-6423-3737-6
VL - 8
T3 - Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
SP - 1733
EP - 1744
BT - Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress
PB - Springer
T2 - 34th FISITA World Automotive Congress
Y2 - 27 November 2012 through 30 November 2012
ER -