Industrial CO2 supply pathways for CCU-based electrofuel production in Finland: E-Fuel WP2 Task 2.1 Deliverable

This work evaluates potential industrial CO₂ supply pathways for CCU-based electrofuel production in Finland. We examine the common stages and costs of CCUS, mature and emerging carbon capture technologies, and carbon capture potential of Finnish industries. CCUS costs range around 42–161 €/tCO₂, deriving from several case-specific stages that vary depending on source stream properties, capture technology, location, logistics, and end-use of CO₂. Various technologies are in development for carbon capture. Post-combustion capture is appealing for industrial applications due to retrofittable nature and wide applicability of the technologies. In post-combustion capture, amine absorbents are a low-risk technology choice with commercial maturity and high capture performance, although suffering from toxic degradation products and high regeneration energy re-quirement. Carbonate salt absorbents (e.g., hot potassium carbonate and enzyme-enhanced K₂CO₃) have emerged as viable, eco-friendly options to consider at commercial level alongside amines. Also, technologies like membranes and solid sorbent processes are on the brink of commercialization. In Finland, pulp mills are the most appealing tar-gets for carbon capture with high quantity of biogenic CO₂ available and suitable precon-ditions for CCUS implementation. Processes with a high CO₂ concentration exhaust stream (e.g., ethanol fermentation and HVO) are a low hanging fruit regarding capture cost but with low quantitative capture potential. To evaluate techno-economic feasibility of carbon capture in a certain application in more detail, a specified case study with pro-cess modelling is required.