Localized Phase and Elemental Mapping in Solid-State Lithium Battery LTO Anode Thin-Film Produced by a Novel Suspension Plasma Spray Approach

Arman Hasani; Shrikant Joshi; Antti Salminen; Sneha Goel; Joakim Reuteler; Malgorzata Grazyna Makowska; Ashish Ganvir

doi:10.1007/s11666-025-02003-6

Localized Phase and Elemental Mapping in Solid-State Lithium Battery LTO Anode Thin-Film Produced by a Novel Suspension Plasma Spray Approach

Arman Hasani^*
, Shrikant Joshi
, Antti Salminen
, Sneha Goel
, Joakim Reuteler
, Malgorzata Grazyna Makowska
, Ashish Ganvir

^*Corresponding author for this work

BA4509 Advanced materials for nuclear energy

University of Turku
University West
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zürich)
Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

6 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This study investigates the phase and elemental distribution in a suspension plasma-sprayed (SPS) Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) thin-film anode for solid-state lithium batteries, deposited on an SS-304 substrate. Advanced synchrotron-based µXRD and µXRF techniques were employed for micro-scale characterization, revealing distinct phase regions influenced by thermal exposure during the SPS process. The dominant Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ phase was retained across most of the film, with localized transformations to secondary phases Li₂Ti₃O₇, Li₂TiO_3, and TiO₂ near the substrate interface, primarily due to prolonged high-temperature exposure and subsequent lithium loss. These findings underscore the importance of controlling SPS parameters to minimize lithium loss and optimize phase stability and interfacial integrity in solid-state battery components.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1589-1597
Number of pages	9
Journal	Journal of Thermal Spray Technology
Volume	34
Issue number	5
Early online date	2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-025-02003-6
Publication status	Published - Jun 2025
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

Open Access funding provided by University of Turku (including Turku University Central Hospital). This research was supported by the GREEN-BAT project (2022–2025) under the M-ERA.Net framework. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Research Council of Finland and M-ERA.NET 3 from the European Commission, as well as the respective national and regional financiers from Germany and Sweden. The Swedish portion of this research, conducted at University West, Sweden, was funded by the following projects: (a) the proof-of-concept project NovelCABs, supported by the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten, Dnr 2021-002227), and (b) the transnational M-ERA.NET 3 project Green-BAT, with backing from the European Commission, with Vinnova (the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems) as the national financier for Swedish participation. The Authors also acknowledge Swiss Light Source (SLS) for granting the beamtime at the microXAS beamline. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 958174.

Keywords

focused ion beam milling
LTO thin-film ceramic solid-state battery electrode
suspension plasma spraying
synchrotron micro-x-ray diffraction and micro-x-ray fluorescence
thin films

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10.1007/s11666-025-02003-6Licence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Localized Phase and Elemental Mapping in Solid-State Lithium Battery LTO Anode Thin-Film Produced by a Novel Suspension Plasma Spray Approach",

abstract = "This study investigates the phase and elemental distribution in a suspension plasma-sprayed (SPS) Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) thin-film anode for solid-state lithium batteries, deposited on an SS-304 substrate. Advanced synchrotron-based µXRD and µXRF techniques were employed for micro-scale characterization, revealing distinct phase regions influenced by thermal exposure during the SPS process. The dominant Li4Ti5O12 phase was retained across most of the film, with localized transformations to secondary phases Li2Ti3O7, Li2TiO3, and TiO2 near the substrate interface, primarily due to prolonged high-temperature exposure and subsequent lithium loss. These findings underscore the importance of controlling SPS parameters to minimize lithium loss and optimize phase stability and interfacial integrity in solid-state battery components.",

keywords = "focused ion beam milling, LTO thin-film ceramic solid-state battery electrode, suspension plasma spraying, synchrotron micro-x-ray diffraction and micro-x-ray fluorescence, thin films",

author = "Arman Hasani and Shrikant Joshi and Antti Salminen and Sneha Goel and Joakim Reuteler and Makowska, \{Malgorzata Grazyna\} and Ashish Ganvir",

year = "2025",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1007/s11666-025-02003-6",

language = "English",

volume = "34",

pages = "1589--1597",

journal = "Journal of Thermal Spray Technology",

issn = "1059-9630",

publisher = "Springer Nature",

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T1 - Localized Phase and Elemental Mapping in Solid-State Lithium Battery LTO Anode Thin-Film Produced by a Novel Suspension Plasma Spray Approach

AU - Hasani, Arman

AU - Joshi, Shrikant

AU - Salminen, Antti

AU - Goel, Sneha

AU - Reuteler, Joakim

AU - Makowska, Malgorzata Grazyna

AU - Ganvir, Ashish

PY - 2025/6

Y1 - 2025/6

N2 - This study investigates the phase and elemental distribution in a suspension plasma-sprayed (SPS) Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) thin-film anode for solid-state lithium batteries, deposited on an SS-304 substrate. Advanced synchrotron-based µXRD and µXRF techniques were employed for micro-scale characterization, revealing distinct phase regions influenced by thermal exposure during the SPS process. The dominant Li4Ti5O12 phase was retained across most of the film, with localized transformations to secondary phases Li2Ti3O7, Li2TiO3, and TiO2 near the substrate interface, primarily due to prolonged high-temperature exposure and subsequent lithium loss. These findings underscore the importance of controlling SPS parameters to minimize lithium loss and optimize phase stability and interfacial integrity in solid-state battery components.

AB - This study investigates the phase and elemental distribution in a suspension plasma-sprayed (SPS) Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) thin-film anode for solid-state lithium batteries, deposited on an SS-304 substrate. Advanced synchrotron-based µXRD and µXRF techniques were employed for micro-scale characterization, revealing distinct phase regions influenced by thermal exposure during the SPS process. The dominant Li4Ti5O12 phase was retained across most of the film, with localized transformations to secondary phases Li2Ti3O7, Li2TiO3, and TiO2 near the substrate interface, primarily due to prolonged high-temperature exposure and subsequent lithium loss. These findings underscore the importance of controlling SPS parameters to minimize lithium loss and optimize phase stability and interfacial integrity in solid-state battery components.

KW - focused ion beam milling

KW - LTO thin-film ceramic solid-state battery electrode

KW - suspension plasma spraying

KW - synchrotron micro-x-ray diffraction and micro-x-ray fluorescence

KW - thin films

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105004437070

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DO - 10.1007/s11666-025-02003-6

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SN - 1059-9630

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IS - 5

ER -

Localized Phase and Elemental Mapping in Solid-State Lithium Battery LTO Anode Thin-Film Produced by a Novel Suspension Plasma Spray Approach

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Keywords

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