Abstract
The objective of this paper is to close the scientific
gap that there is a lack of comprehensive matching
analysis for the increasingly complicated on-site hybrid
energy systems with a continuously decreased annual
primary energy consumption/equivalent CO2 emission. Thus,
a thorough matching analysis is conducted for the on-site
hybrid systems of two office buildings under distinct
climate conditions. Both of the studied buildings are
equipped with PV and solar thermal assisted ground source
heat pumps (GSHP), which can be controlled by six excess
renewable electrical (REe) and one excess renewable
thermal (REth) treatments with respect to certain thermal
storage recharging and grid exporting strategies. The
assessment criteria are six recently defined indices.
With the aid of these indices, the key methodology is to
conduct parametric analyses from the aspect of matching
for solar thermal collector area and connection type, PV
panel area, and electrical battery size regarding certain
excess REe or REth treatments. The outcomes of matching
analyses show the advantages of solar thermal collectors
connected in a parallel fashion in meeting office heating
demands, the consistency between electrical generation
and demand in the daytime in office buildings, the
enhancement of on-site heating and cooling by GSHP and
free ground cooling, and the battery effect in
technically improving electrical matching. Furthermore,
the fluctuations of indices in the instantaneous matching
analysis clearly reflect the matching situations of
on-site renewable energy resources and demand conditions
at each time-step, which will be helpful for the detailed
investigation of specific system operations and user
behaviours. It has been shown that the methodology used
in the study can be helpful for aiding the design of
increasingly complicated on-site hybrid energy systems.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 230-247 |
Journal | Applied Energy |
Volume | 113 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2013 |
MoE publication type | A1 Journal article-refereed |
Keywords
- ground source heat pump
- matching indices
- mismatch analysis
- office building
- renewable feed-in
- solar