Modification of Lignocellulosics in the Dissolved State for Added Functionality

This chapter describes the modification of cellulose in direct-dissolution solvents to add tuneable functionality. A distinction is made between homogeneous and traditional heterogeneous processes. The applicability of such processes is discussed, in particular, concerning economics and control of reaction selectivities. Typical methods for dissolving and modifying cellulose are discussed, including the use of ionic liquids and electrolyte solutions. A short review of the types of functionality introduced is covered, including a quick review of the application of homogeneous and heterogeneous processing to regioselective chemical modification of cellulose. Analytics are then covered, with respect to an accurate measurement of regioselectivities. The chapter is then finalized with recent developments and future challenges.