Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Waste: Mechano-hydrometallurgical Experimental Study on Recycling Aspects

Antti Porvali; Severi Ojanen; Benjamin P. Wilson; Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero; Mari Lundström

doi:10.1007/s40831-019-00258-2

Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Waste: Mechano-hydrometallurgical Experimental Study on Recycling Aspects

Antti Porvali
, Severi Ojanen
, Benjamin P. Wilson
, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero
, Mari Lundström^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Not published at VTT

Aalto University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

45 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

In this research, the recycling of industrially collected and crushed nickel metal hydride battery waste, rich in valuable metals such as Ni and rare earth elements (REE), was investigated. The crushed waste was characterized based on elemental distribution per particle size class and density. Although issues with sieving, such as agglomeration of shredded separator fibers, were observed, a good separation of Fe and plastics could be achieved by using a 1-mm sieve size. It was observed that, as the waste battery particles were washed with water, some organic compounds were dissolved. Acid consumption of 14 mol H⁺ ions per 1 kg of battery sample (sieve fraction—1 mm) was determined to be sufficient to achieve the desired final pH of < 1. Selectivity of the leaching at higher equilibrium pH was also investigated by using dilute H₂SO₄. Pregnant leach solution rich in Ni (46 g/L) and REEs (La: 9 g/L, Ce: 7.5 g/L, Pr: 1.4 g/L, Sm: 0.29 g/L, Y: 0.17 g/L) was obtained and REE precipitation was investigated as a function of dilute Na₂SO₄ solution concentration (0.01–0.5 M) at a temperature of 50 °C. The best precipitation efficiency was achieved with a Na:REE ratio of 9.1, which resulted in a > 99% precipitation efficiency for the REEs.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	78-90
Number of pages	13
Journal	Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy
Volume	6
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-019-00258-2
Publication status	Published - 1 Mar 2020
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

Open access funding provided by Aalto University. The authors acknowledge METYK project for providing the context where the work was performed. METYK project was financially supported by TEKES, EU, Vipuvoimaa EU:lta 2014-2020, Norilsk Nickel, CrisolteQ, Akkuser, Kuusakoski, Jyväskylän Energia, Luvata, Boliden Harjavalta and municipalities of Pori and Harjavalta. This work has also been supported by the MineWEEE Project (Grant Number 7100/31/2016), BATCircle (Grant Number 4853/31/2018), both by TEKES, and by the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland, project CloseLoop (Grant Number 303454). Miamari Aaltonen is acknowledged for undertaking the leaching sample division. Hannu Revitzer is acknowledged for the total dissolution and chemical analysis of the samples with ICP-OES and AAS.

Keywords

Characterization
Circular economy of metals
Hydrometallurgy
Mechanical processing
NiMH batteries

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10.1007/s40831-019-00258-2

Cite this

@article{15643ca6c59e494f964cdbbf7f1dd85c,

title = "Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Waste: Mechano-hydrometallurgical Experimental Study on Recycling Aspects",

abstract = "In this research, the recycling of industrially collected and crushed nickel metal hydride battery waste, rich in valuable metals such as Ni and rare earth elements (REE), was investigated. The crushed waste was characterized based on elemental distribution per particle size class and density. Although issues with sieving, such as agglomeration of shredded separator fibers, were observed, a good separation of Fe and plastics could be achieved by using a 1-mm sieve size. It was observed that, as the waste battery particles were washed with water, some organic compounds were dissolved. Acid consumption of 14 mol H+ ions per 1 kg of battery sample (sieve fraction—1 mm) was determined to be sufficient to achieve the desired final pH of < 1. Selectivity of the leaching at higher equilibrium pH was also investigated by using dilute H2SO4. Pregnant leach solution rich in Ni (46 g/L) and REEs (La: 9 g/L, Ce: 7.5 g/L, Pr: 1.4 g/L, Sm: 0.29 g/L, Y: 0.17 g/L) was obtained and REE precipitation was investigated as a function of dilute Na2SO4 solution concentration (0.01–0.5 M) at a temperature of 50 °C. The best precipitation efficiency was achieved with a Na:REE ratio of 9.1, which resulted in a > 99\% precipitation efficiency for the REEs.",

keywords = "Characterization, Circular economy of metals, Hydrometallurgy, Mechanical processing, NiMH batteries",

author = "Antti Porvali and Severi Ojanen and Wilson, \{Benjamin P.\} and Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero and Mari Lundstr{\"o}m",

note = "Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Aalto University. The authors acknowledge METYK project for providing the context where the work was performed. METYK project was financially supported by TEKES, EU, Vipuvoimaa EU:lta 2014-2020, Norilsk Nickel, CrisolteQ, Akkuser, Kuusakoski, Jyv{\"a}skyl{\"a}n Energia, Luvata, Boliden Harjavalta and municipalities of Pori and Harjavalta. This work has also been supported by the MineWEEE Project (Grant Number 7100/31/2016), BATCircle (Grant Number 4853/31/2018), both by TEKES, and by the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland, project CloseLoop (Grant Number 303454). Miamari Aaltonen is acknowledged for undertaking the leaching sample division. Hannu Revitzer is acknowledged for the total dissolution and chemical analysis of the samples with ICP-OES and AAS. Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Aalto University. The authors acknowledge METYK project for providing the context where the work was performed. METYK project was financially supported by TEKES, EU, Vipuvoimaa EU:lta 2014-2020, Norilsk Nickel, CrisolteQ, Akkuser, Kuusakoski, Jyv?skyl?n Energia, Luvata, Boliden Harjavalta and municipalities of Pori and Harjavalta. This work has also been supported by the MineWEEE Project (Grant Number 7100/31/2016), BATCircle (Grant Number 4853/31/2018), both by TEKES, and by the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland, project CloseLoop (Grant Number 303454). Miamari Aaltonen is acknowledged for undertaking the leaching sample division. Hannu Revitzer is acknowledged for the total dissolution and chemical analysis of the samples with ICP-OES and AAS. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",

year = "2020",

month = mar,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1007/s40831-019-00258-2",

language = "English",

volume = "6",

pages = "78--90",

journal = "Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Waste

T2 - Mechano-hydrometallurgical Experimental Study on Recycling Aspects

AU - Porvali, Antti

AU - Ojanen, Severi

AU - Wilson, Benjamin P.

AU - Serna-Guerrero, Rodrigo

AU - Lundström, Mari

N1 - Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Aalto University. The authors acknowledge METYK project for providing the context where the work was performed. METYK project was financially supported by TEKES, EU, Vipuvoimaa EU:lta 2014-2020, Norilsk Nickel, CrisolteQ, Akkuser, Kuusakoski, Jyväskylän Energia, Luvata, Boliden Harjavalta and municipalities of Pori and Harjavalta. This work has also been supported by the MineWEEE Project (Grant Number 7100/31/2016), BATCircle (Grant Number 4853/31/2018), both by TEKES, and by the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland, project CloseLoop (Grant Number 303454). Miamari Aaltonen is acknowledged for undertaking the leaching sample division. Hannu Revitzer is acknowledged for the total dissolution and chemical analysis of the samples with ICP-OES and AAS. Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Aalto University. The authors acknowledge METYK project for providing the context where the work was performed. METYK project was financially supported by TEKES, EU, Vipuvoimaa EU:lta 2014-2020, Norilsk Nickel, CrisolteQ, Akkuser, Kuusakoski, Jyv?skyl?n Energia, Luvata, Boliden Harjavalta and municipalities of Pori and Harjavalta. This work has also been supported by the MineWEEE Project (Grant Number 7100/31/2016), BATCircle (Grant Number 4853/31/2018), both by TEKES, and by the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland, project CloseLoop (Grant Number 303454). Miamari Aaltonen is acknowledged for undertaking the leaching sample division. Hannu Revitzer is acknowledged for the total dissolution and chemical analysis of the samples with ICP-OES and AAS. Publisher Copyright: © 2020, The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2020/3/1

Y1 - 2020/3/1

N2 - In this research, the recycling of industrially collected and crushed nickel metal hydride battery waste, rich in valuable metals such as Ni and rare earth elements (REE), was investigated. The crushed waste was characterized based on elemental distribution per particle size class and density. Although issues with sieving, such as agglomeration of shredded separator fibers, were observed, a good separation of Fe and plastics could be achieved by using a 1-mm sieve size. It was observed that, as the waste battery particles were washed with water, some organic compounds were dissolved. Acid consumption of 14 mol H+ ions per 1 kg of battery sample (sieve fraction—1 mm) was determined to be sufficient to achieve the desired final pH of < 1. Selectivity of the leaching at higher equilibrium pH was also investigated by using dilute H2SO4. Pregnant leach solution rich in Ni (46 g/L) and REEs (La: 9 g/L, Ce: 7.5 g/L, Pr: 1.4 g/L, Sm: 0.29 g/L, Y: 0.17 g/L) was obtained and REE precipitation was investigated as a function of dilute Na2SO4 solution concentration (0.01–0.5 M) at a temperature of 50 °C. The best precipitation efficiency was achieved with a Na:REE ratio of 9.1, which resulted in a > 99% precipitation efficiency for the REEs.

AB - In this research, the recycling of industrially collected and crushed nickel metal hydride battery waste, rich in valuable metals such as Ni and rare earth elements (REE), was investigated. The crushed waste was characterized based on elemental distribution per particle size class and density. Although issues with sieving, such as agglomeration of shredded separator fibers, were observed, a good separation of Fe and plastics could be achieved by using a 1-mm sieve size. It was observed that, as the waste battery particles were washed with water, some organic compounds were dissolved. Acid consumption of 14 mol H+ ions per 1 kg of battery sample (sieve fraction—1 mm) was determined to be sufficient to achieve the desired final pH of < 1. Selectivity of the leaching at higher equilibrium pH was also investigated by using dilute H2SO4. Pregnant leach solution rich in Ni (46 g/L) and REEs (La: 9 g/L, Ce: 7.5 g/L, Pr: 1.4 g/L, Sm: 0.29 g/L, Y: 0.17 g/L) was obtained and REE precipitation was investigated as a function of dilute Na2SO4 solution concentration (0.01–0.5 M) at a temperature of 50 °C. The best precipitation efficiency was achieved with a Na:REE ratio of 9.1, which resulted in a > 99% precipitation efficiency for the REEs.

KW - Characterization

KW - Circular economy of metals

KW - Hydrometallurgy

KW - Mechanical processing

KW - NiMH batteries

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85078178705

U2 - 10.1007/s40831-019-00258-2

DO - 10.1007/s40831-019-00258-2

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85078178705

SN - 2199-3823

VL - 6

SP - 78

EP - 90

JO - Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy

JF - Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy

IS - 1

ER -

Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Waste: Mechano-hydrometallurgical Experimental Study on Recycling Aspects

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