Optimizing the performance of metal grid conductors by modifying printing conditions

Printed metal grid conductors can be used in thin, flexible and large area lighting sources based on e.g. light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEC). Similar to organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), LECs are thin film electroluminescent devices, which can be processed from solution. However, LECs have a more simple architecture, and don't rely on air-sensitive chargeinjection layers or metals for electron injection. This offers simplicity for manufacturing process, cost-efficiency and easier large scale manufacturing. Printing methods such as inkjet and flexography are suitable for manufacturing metal grid conductors needed in LEC devices. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the potential of flexography and inkjet printing to manufacture metal grid conductors in industrial scale. Printing equipment that can be upscaled to industrial scale is used and printing conditions are modified to meet the device requirements. Performance and properties of inkjet and flexographic printed conductors are compared. Finally, feasibility of the required industrial setup is evaluated.