Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines: Current trends and future options

Päivi T. Aakko-Saksa; Kati Lehtoranta; Niina Kuittinen; Anssi Järvinen; Jukka Pekka Jalkanen; Kent Johnson; Heejung Jung; Leonidas Ntziachristos; Stéphanie Gagné; Chiori Takahashi; Panu Karjalainen; Topi Rönkkö; Hilkka Timonen

doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055

Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines: Current trends and future options

Päivi T. Aakko-Saksa^*, Kati Lehtoranta, Niina Kuittinen, Anssi Järvinen, Jukka Pekka Jalkanen, Kent Johnson, Heejung Jung, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Stéphanie Gagné, Chiori Takahashi, Panu Karjalainen, Topi Rönkkö, Hilkka Timonen

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review Article › peer-review

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Abstract

The impact of ship emission reductions can be maximised by considering climate, health and environmental effects simultaneously and using solutions fitting into existing marine engines and infrastructure. Several options available enable selecting optimum solutions for different ships, routes and regions. Carbon-neutral fuels, including low-carbon and carbon-negative fuels, from biogenic or non-biogenic origin (biomass, waste, renewable hydrogen) could resemble current marine fuels (diesel-type, methane and methanol). The carbon-neutrality of fuels depends on their Well-to-Wake (WtW) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide emissions (N₂O). Additionally, non-gaseous black carbon (BC) emissions have high global warming potential (GWP). Exhaust emissions which are harmful to health or the environment need to be equally removed using emission control achieved by fuel, engine or exhaust aftertreatment technologies. Harmful emission species include nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur oxides (SO_x), ammonia (NH₃), formaldehyde, particle mass (PM) and number emissions (PN). Particles may carry polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals, which cause serious adverse health issues. Carbon-neutral fuels are typically sulphur-free enabling negligible SO_x emissions and efficient exhaust aftertreatment technologies, such as particle filtration. The combinations of carbon-neutral drop-in fuels and efficient emission control technologies would enable (near-)zero-emission shipping and these could be adaptable in the short- to mid-term. Substantial savings in external costs on society caused by ship emissions give arguments for regulations, policies and investments needed to support this development.

Original language	English
Article number	101055
Journal	Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
Volume	94
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055
Publication status	Published - Jan 2023
MoE publication type	A2 Review article in a scientific journal

Funding

The synthesis and discussion part of this paper considers the pros and cons of carbon-neutral, clean fuels and emission reduction technologies to understand possible ways to mitigate the adverse effects of shipping on the climate, health, and the environment simultaneously ( Fig. 1 ). Knowledge of the solutions presented are combined to evaluate possibilities to reduce adverse climate, environment and health impacts of the marine sector effectively and simultaneously in the near future. External costs of emissions for selected technologies are calculated to provide arguments for financial support instruments and investments. This combined view increases the understanding of the effects of the identified technologies to reduce ship emissions harmful to climate, health and environment, which is a particularly complex combination as reducing one emission may cause an increase of another emission.

Keywords

Ammonia
BC
Black carbon
Carbon-neutral fuels
CH
Climate
CO
Emission control
Environment
Exhaust
Exhaust aftertreatment
External costs
Formaldehyde
Greenhouse gases
Health
Heavy metals
Marine engines
Methane
NO
NH
PAHs
Particle number
Particulate matter
PM
PN
SO
Warming

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Cite this

Aakko-Saksa, P. T., Lehtoranta, K., Kuittinen, N., Järvinen, A., Jalkanen, J. P., Johnson, K., Jung, H., Ntziachristos, L., Gagné, S., Takahashi, C., Karjalainen, P., Rönkkö, T., & Timonen, H. (2023). Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines: Current trends and future options. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 94, Article 101055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055

@article{58fe22a666b94a55a97f037e906511fe,

title = "Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines: Current trends and future options",

abstract = "The impact of ship emission reductions can be maximised by considering climate, health and environmental effects simultaneously and using solutions fitting into existing marine engines and infrastructure. Several options available enable selecting optimum solutions for different ships, routes and regions. Carbon-neutral fuels, including low-carbon and carbon-negative fuels, from biogenic or non-biogenic origin (biomass, waste, renewable hydrogen) could resemble current marine fuels (diesel-type, methane and methanol). The carbon-neutrality of fuels depends on their Well-to-Wake (WtW) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide emissions (N2O). Additionally, non-gaseous black carbon (BC) emissions have high global warming potential (GWP). Exhaust emissions which are harmful to health or the environment need to be equally removed using emission control achieved by fuel, engine or exhaust aftertreatment technologies. Harmful emission species include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), ammonia (NH3), formaldehyde, particle mass (PM) and number emissions (PN). Particles may carry polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals, which cause serious adverse health issues. Carbon-neutral fuels are typically sulphur-free enabling negligible SOx emissions and efficient exhaust aftertreatment technologies, such as particle filtration. The combinations of carbon-neutral drop-in fuels and efficient emission control technologies would enable (near-)zero-emission shipping and these could be adaptable in the short- to mid-term. Substantial savings in external costs on society caused by ship emissions give arguments for regulations, policies and investments needed to support this development.",

keywords = "Ammonia, BC, Black carbon, Carbon-neutral fuels, CH, Climate, CO, Emission control, Environment, Exhaust, Exhaust aftertreatment, External costs, Formaldehyde, Greenhouse gases, Health, Heavy metals, Marine engines, Methane, NO, NH, PAHs, Particle number, Particulate matter, PM, PN, SO, Warming",

author = "Aakko-Saksa, \{P{\"a}ivi T.\} and Kati Lehtoranta and Niina Kuittinen and Anssi J{\"a}rvinen and Jalkanen, \{Jukka Pekka\} and Kent Johnson and Heejung Jung and Leonidas Ntziachristos and St{\'e}phanie Gagn{\'e} and Chiori Takahashi and Panu Karjalainen and Topi R{\"o}nkk{\"o} and Hilkka Timonen",

note = "This work was supported by the BC Footprint project (528/31/2019) funded by Business Finland and participating companies and funding from Traficom.",

year = "2023",

month = jan,

doi = "10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055",

language = "English",

volume = "94",

journal = "Progress in Energy and Combustion Science",

issn = "0360-1285",

publisher = "Elsevier",

}

Aakko-Saksa, PT , Lehtoranta, K , Kuittinen, N , Järvinen, A, Jalkanen, JP, Johnson, K, Jung, H, Ntziachristos, L, Gagné, S, Takahashi, C, Karjalainen, P, Rönkkö, T & Timonen, H 2023, 'Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines: Current trends and future options', Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 94, 101055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055

TY - JOUR

T1 - Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines

T2 - Current trends and future options

AU - Aakko-Saksa, Päivi T.

AU - Lehtoranta, Kati

AU - Kuittinen, Niina

AU - Järvinen, Anssi

AU - Jalkanen, Jukka Pekka

AU - Johnson, Kent

AU - Jung, Heejung

AU - Ntziachristos, Leonidas

AU - Gagné, Stéphanie

AU - Takahashi, Chiori

AU - Karjalainen, Panu

AU - Rönkkö, Topi

AU - Timonen, Hilkka

N1 - This work was supported by the BC Footprint project (528/31/2019) funded by Business Finland and participating companies and funding from Traficom.

PY - 2023/1

Y1 - 2023/1

N2 - The impact of ship emission reductions can be maximised by considering climate, health and environmental effects simultaneously and using solutions fitting into existing marine engines and infrastructure. Several options available enable selecting optimum solutions for different ships, routes and regions. Carbon-neutral fuels, including low-carbon and carbon-negative fuels, from biogenic or non-biogenic origin (biomass, waste, renewable hydrogen) could resemble current marine fuels (diesel-type, methane and methanol). The carbon-neutrality of fuels depends on their Well-to-Wake (WtW) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide emissions (N2O). Additionally, non-gaseous black carbon (BC) emissions have high global warming potential (GWP). Exhaust emissions which are harmful to health or the environment need to be equally removed using emission control achieved by fuel, engine or exhaust aftertreatment technologies. Harmful emission species include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), ammonia (NH3), formaldehyde, particle mass (PM) and number emissions (PN). Particles may carry polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals, which cause serious adverse health issues. Carbon-neutral fuels are typically sulphur-free enabling negligible SOx emissions and efficient exhaust aftertreatment technologies, such as particle filtration. The combinations of carbon-neutral drop-in fuels and efficient emission control technologies would enable (near-)zero-emission shipping and these could be adaptable in the short- to mid-term. Substantial savings in external costs on society caused by ship emissions give arguments for regulations, policies and investments needed to support this development.

AB - The impact of ship emission reductions can be maximised by considering climate, health and environmental effects simultaneously and using solutions fitting into existing marine engines and infrastructure. Several options available enable selecting optimum solutions for different ships, routes and regions. Carbon-neutral fuels, including low-carbon and carbon-negative fuels, from biogenic or non-biogenic origin (biomass, waste, renewable hydrogen) could resemble current marine fuels (diesel-type, methane and methanol). The carbon-neutrality of fuels depends on their Well-to-Wake (WtW) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide emissions (N2O). Additionally, non-gaseous black carbon (BC) emissions have high global warming potential (GWP). Exhaust emissions which are harmful to health or the environment need to be equally removed using emission control achieved by fuel, engine or exhaust aftertreatment technologies. Harmful emission species include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), ammonia (NH3), formaldehyde, particle mass (PM) and number emissions (PN). Particles may carry polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals, which cause serious adverse health issues. Carbon-neutral fuels are typically sulphur-free enabling negligible SOx emissions and efficient exhaust aftertreatment technologies, such as particle filtration. The combinations of carbon-neutral drop-in fuels and efficient emission control technologies would enable (near-)zero-emission shipping and these could be adaptable in the short- to mid-term. Substantial savings in external costs on society caused by ship emissions give arguments for regulations, policies and investments needed to support this development.

KW - Ammonia

KW - BC

KW - Black carbon

KW - Carbon-neutral fuels

KW - CH

KW - Climate

KW - CO

KW - Emission control

KW - Environment

KW - Exhaust

KW - Exhaust aftertreatment

KW - External costs

KW - Formaldehyde

KW - Greenhouse gases

KW - Health

KW - Heavy metals

KW - Marine engines

KW - Methane

KW - NO

KW - NH

KW - PAHs

KW - Particle number

KW - Particulate matter

KW - PM

KW - PN

KW - SO

KW - Warming

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85142475937

U2 - 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055

DO - 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055

M3 - Review Article

AN - SCOPUS:85142475937

SN - 0360-1285

VL - 94

JO - Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

JF - Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

M1 - 101055

ER -

Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines: Current trends and future options

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

UN SDGs

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