TY - JOUR
T1 - Reproducibility of the 10-nm Solid Particle Number Methodology for Light-Duty Vehicles Exhaust Measurements
AU - Lähde, Tero
AU - Giechaskiel, Barouch
AU - Martini, Giorgio
AU - Woodburn, Joseph
AU - Bielaczyc, Piotr
AU - Schreiber, Daniel
AU - Huber, Mathias
AU - Eggenschwiler, Panayotis Dimopoulos
AU - Fittavolini, Corrado
AU - Florio, Salvatore
AU - Pellegrini, Leonardo
AU - Schuster, Norbert
AU - Kirchner, Ulf
AU - Yamada, Hiroyuki
AU - Momique, Jean Claude
AU - Monier, Richard
AU - Lai, Yitu
AU - Murtonen, Timo
AU - Vanhanen, Joonas
AU - Mamakos, Athanasios
AU - Dardiotis, Christos
AU - Otsuki, Yoshinori
AU - Spielvogel, Jürgen
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/5
Y1 - 2022/5
N2 - Many countries worldwide have introduced a limit for solid particles larger than 23 nm for the type approval of vehicles before their circulation in the market. However, for some vehicles, in particular for port fuel injection engines (gasoline and gas engines) a high fraction of particles resides below 23 nm. For this reason, a methodology for counting solid particles larger than 10 nm was developed in the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) group of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). There are no studies assessing the reproducibility of the new methodology across different laboratories. In this study we compared the reproducibility of the new 10 nm methodology to the current 23 nm methodology. A light-duty gasoline direct injection vehicle and two reference solid particle number measurement systems were circulated in seven European and two Asian laboratories which were also measuring with their own systems fulfilling the current 23 nm methodology. The hot and cold start emission of the vehicle covered a range of 1 to 15 × 1012 #/km with the ratio of sub-23 nm particles to the >23 nm emissions being 10–50%. In most cases the differences between the three measurement systems were ±10%. In general, the reproducibility of the new methodology was at the same levels (around 14%) as with the current methodology (on average 17%).
AB - Many countries worldwide have introduced a limit for solid particles larger than 23 nm for the type approval of vehicles before their circulation in the market. However, for some vehicles, in particular for port fuel injection engines (gasoline and gas engines) a high fraction of particles resides below 23 nm. For this reason, a methodology for counting solid particles larger than 10 nm was developed in the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) group of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). There are no studies assessing the reproducibility of the new methodology across different laboratories. In this study we compared the reproducibility of the new 10 nm methodology to the current 23 nm methodology. A light-duty gasoline direct injection vehicle and two reference solid particle number measurement systems were circulated in seven European and two Asian laboratories which were also measuring with their own systems fulfilling the current 23 nm methodology. The hot and cold start emission of the vehicle covered a range of 1 to 15 × 1012 #/km with the ratio of sub-23 nm particles to the >23 nm emissions being 10–50%. In most cases the differences between the three measurement systems were ±10%. In general, the reproducibility of the new methodology was at the same levels (around 14%) as with the current methodology (on average 17%).
KW - 10 nm methodology
KW - catalytic stripper
KW - evaporation tube
KW - gasoline direct injection
KW - inter-laboratory exercise
KW - particle number emissions
KW - PMP
KW - reproducibility
KW - round robin
KW - solid particles
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131379844&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/atmos13060872
DO - 10.3390/atmos13060872
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85131379844
SN - 2073-4433
VL - 13
JO - Atmosphere
JF - Atmosphere
IS - 6
M1 - 872
ER -