@article{83570aae0ee9409dac7a706b82b911d3,
title = "Setting Up and Operating Electric City Buses in Harsh Winter Conditions",
abstract = "The city of Tampere in Finland aims to be carbon-neutral in 2030 and wanted to find out how the electrification of public transport would help achieve the climate goal. Research has covered topics related to electric buses, ranging from battery technologies to lifecycle assessment and cost analysis. However, less is known about electric city buses{\textquoteright} performance in cold climatic zones. This study collected and analysed weather and electric city bus data to understand the effects of temperature and weather conditions on the electric buses{\textquoteright} efficiency. Data were collected from four battery-electric buses and one hybrid bus as a reference. The buses were fast-charged at the market and slow-charged at the depot. The test route ran downtown. The study finds that the average energy consumption of the buses during winter was 40–45% higher than in summer (kWh/km). The effect of cabin cooling is minor compared to the cabin heating energy needs. The study also finds that infrastructure needs to have enough safety margins in case of faults and additional energy consumption in harsh weather conditions. In addition, appropriate training for operators, maintenance and other personnel is needed to avoid disturbances caused by charging and excessive energy consumption by driving style.",
keywords = "electric city bus, energy consumption, winter, weather, temperature, infrastructure, driving style, cooling, heating, emissions",
author = "Maarit Vehvil{\"a}inen and Rita Lavikka and Seppo Rantala and Marko Paakkinen and Janne Laurila and Terttu Vainio",
note = "Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by STARDUST, a city lighthouse project, which has received funding from the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and Innovation programme under grant agreement N◦774094. Funding Information: Acknowledgments: The research was part of STARDUST, a city lighthouse project, which has received funding from the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and Innovation programme under grant agreement N◦774094. The funder had no role in the design of the research; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the research. We would like to express our great appreciation to the following parties: Wapice Oy Ltd. for their support with monitoring sensors and data collection. Tampere University of Applied Sciences (TAMK) for the support for data collection and maintenance work, especially the assistance given by Jukka Pellinen and the team has been essential. TKL and especially Kalle Keinonen for the help, expertise and enthusiasm. Mika Heikkil{\"a} from the city of Tampere for long-term cooperation. Persons in the city of Tampere public transport organization, especially Juha-Pekka H{\"a}yrynen and his expertise. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2022",
month = mar,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3390/app12062762",
language = "English",
volume = "12",
journal = "Applied Sciences",
issn = "2076-3417",
publisher = "MDPI",
number = "6",
}
