TY - JOUR
T1 - Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation
AU - Kuittinen, Niina
AU - Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka
AU - Alanen, Jenni
AU - Ntziachristos, Leonidas
AU - Hannuniemi, Hanna
AU - Johansson, Lasse
AU - Karjalainen, Panu
AU - Saukko, Erkka
AU - Isotalo, Mia
AU - Aakko-Saksa, Päivi
AU - Lehtoranta, Kati
AU - Keskinen, Jorma
AU - Simonen, Pauli
AU - Saarikoski, Sanna
AU - Asmi, Eija
AU - Laurila, Tuomas
AU - Hillamo, Risto
AU - Mylläri, Fanni
AU - Lihavainen, Heikki
AU - Timonen, Hilkka
AU - Rönkkö, Topi
N1 - Funding Information:
E.S., S.S., E.A., T.L., H.L., R.H., and T.R. designed and conducted the ship chase measurements. N.K., P.K., H.T., P.A.-S., F.M., P.S., and T.R. designed and conducted the first phase of laboratory measurements. N.K., J.A., L.N., P.K., H.T., M.I., K.L., J.K., P.S., and T.R. designed and conducted the second laboratory measurements. N.K., P.K., H.T., P.A.-S., and T.R. designed and conducted the on-board measurements. N.K., J.A., E.S., and M.I. conducted data analyses, and N.K., J.A., L.N., P.K., H.T., E.S., M.I., P.A.-S., K.L., J.K., and T.R. participated in the interpretation of the measurement data. N.K., J.-P.J., H.H., L.J., L.N., and T.R. designed and conducted the global modeling and scenario calculations. N.K., J.A., J.-P.J., L.N., H.H., and T.R. wrote the manuscript; all authors commented on the manuscript. J.-P.J., H.T., P.A.-S., J.K., H.L., and T.R. made research plans and provided the working environment and financial support.
Funding Information:
This study was financially supported by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (projects HERE, grant no. 40330/13; SEA-EFFECTS BC, grant no. 40357/14; and MMEA, CLEEN Oy grant no. 427/10), the European Regional Development Fund/Central Baltic INTERREG IV A Programme (project SNOOP), and the Academy of Finland (Center of Excellence programme, grant no. 307331, and KAMON, grant no. 283034). In addition, HERE and SEA-EFFECTS BC projects were financially supported by Wärtsilä Finland Oy, Dekati Oy, Pegasor Oy, HaminaKotka Satama Oy, VG-Shipping Oy, Spectral Engines Oy, Oiltanking Finland Oy, Kine Robot Solutions Oy, AGCO Power, Dinex Ecocat Oy, and Neste Oyj. N.K. acknowledges funding from Tampere University’s Graduate School, KAUTE Foundation, and Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation. J.A. acknowledges funding from the Gasum Gas Fund.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 American Chemical Society.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/1/5
Y1 - 2021/1/5
N2 - Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.
AB - Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85097877199&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627
DO - 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627
M3 - Article
C2 - 33290058
VL - 55
SP - 129
EP - 138
JO - Environmental Science & Technology
JF - Environmental Science & Technology
SN - 0013-936X
IS - 1
ER -