Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation

Niina Kuittinen; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Jenni Alanen; Leonidas Ntziachristos; Hanna Hannuniemi; Lasse Johansson; Panu Karjalainen; Erkka Saukko; Mia Isotalo; Päivi Aakko-Saksa; Kati Lehtoranta; Jorma Keskinen; Pauli Simonen; Sanna Saarikoski; Eija Asmi; Tuomas Laurila; Risto Hillamo; Fanni Mylläri; Heikki Lihavainen; Hilkka Timonen; Topi Rönkkö

doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation

Niina Kuittinen, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Jenni Alanen, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Hanna Hannuniemi, Lasse Johansson, Panu Karjalainen, Erkka Saukko, Mia Isotalo, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Kati Lehtoranta, Jorma Keskinen, Pauli Simonen, Sanna Saarikoski, Eija Asmi, Tuomas Laurila, Risto Hillamo, Fanni Mylläri, Heikki Lihavainen, Hilkka TimonenTopi Rönkkö^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

50 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	129–138
Journal	Environmental Science & Technology
Volume	55
Issue number	1
Early online date	8 Dec 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03627
Publication status	Published - 5 Jan 2021
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (projects HERE, grant no. 40330/13; SEA-EFFECTS BC, grant no. 40357/14; and MMEA, CLEEN Oy grant no. 427/10), the European Regional Development Fund/Central Baltic INTERREG IV A Programme (project SNOOP), and the Academy of Finland (Center of Excellence programme, grant no. 307331, and KAMON, grant no. 283034). In addition, HERE and SEA-EFFECTS BC projects were financially supported by Wärtsilä Finland Oy, Dekati Oy, Pegasor Oy, HaminaKotka Satama Oy, VG-Shipping Oy, Spectral Engines Oy, Oiltanking Finland Oy, Kine Robot Solutions Oy, AGCO Power, Dinex Ecocat Oy, and Neste Oyj. N.K. acknowledges funding from Tampere University’s Graduate School, KAUTE Foundation, and Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation. J.A. acknowledges funding from the Gasum Gas Fund.

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

Cite this

Kuittinen, N., Jalkanen, J.-P., Alanen, J., Ntziachristos, L., Hannuniemi, H., Johansson, L., Karjalainen, P., Saukko, E., Isotalo, M., Aakko-Saksa, P., Lehtoranta, K., Keskinen, J., Simonen, P., Saarikoski, S., Asmi, E., Laurila, T., Hillamo, R., Mylläri, F., Lihavainen, H., ... Rönkkö, T. (2021). Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(1), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

@article{31468118049548eebced865b5fbdbd08,

title = "Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation",

abstract = "Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.",

author = "Niina Kuittinen and Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen and Jenni Alanen and Leonidas Ntziachristos and Hanna Hannuniemi and Lasse Johansson and Panu Karjalainen and Erkka Saukko and Mia Isotalo and P{\"a}ivi Aakko-Saksa and Kati Lehtoranta and Jorma Keskinen and Pauli Simonen and Sanna Saarikoski and Eija Asmi and Tuomas Laurila and Risto Hillamo and Fanni Myll{\"a}ri and Heikki Lihavainen and Hilkka Timonen and Topi R{\"o}nkk{\"o}",

year = "2021",

month = jan,

day = "5",

doi = "10.1021/acs.est.0c03627",

language = "English",

volume = "55",

pages = "129–138",

journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology",

issn = "0013-936X",

publisher = "American Chemical Society",

number = "1",

}

Kuittinen, N, Jalkanen, J-P, Alanen, J, Ntziachristos, L, Hannuniemi, H, Johansson, L, Karjalainen, P, Saukko, E, Isotalo, M, Aakko-Saksa, P , Lehtoranta, K, Keskinen, J, Simonen, P, Saarikoski, S, Asmi, E, Laurila, T, Hillamo, R, Mylläri, F, Lihavainen, H, Timonen, H & Rönkkö, T 2021, 'Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

TY - JOUR

T1 - Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation

AU - Kuittinen, Niina

AU - Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka

AU - Alanen, Jenni

AU - Ntziachristos, Leonidas

AU - Hannuniemi, Hanna

AU - Johansson, Lasse

AU - Karjalainen, Panu

AU - Saukko, Erkka

AU - Isotalo, Mia

AU - Aakko-Saksa, Päivi

AU - Lehtoranta, Kati

AU - Keskinen, Jorma

AU - Simonen, Pauli

AU - Saarikoski, Sanna

AU - Asmi, Eija

AU - Laurila, Tuomas

AU - Hillamo, Risto

AU - Mylläri, Fanni

AU - Lihavainen, Heikki

AU - Timonen, Hilkka

AU - Rönkkö, Topi

PY - 2021/1/5

Y1 - 2021/1/5

N2 - Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.

AB - Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85097877199&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

DO - 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

M3 - Article

C2 - 33290058

SN - 0013-936X

VL - 55

SP - 129

EP - 138

JO - Environmental Science & Technology

JF - Environmental Science & Technology

IS - 1

ER -

Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this