Abstract
Modern society is facing great challenges due to
pollution and increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
As part of solving these challenges, the use of renewable
energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly
increasing. However, increased dynamics have triggered
problems in balancing energy supply and consumption
demand in the power systems. The resulting uncertainty
and unpredictability of energy production, consumption,
and management of peak loads has caused an increase in
costs for energy market actors. Therefore, the means for
studying the balancing of local smart grids with EVs is a
starting point for this paper. The main contribution is a
simulation-based approach which was developed to enable
the study of the balancing of local distribution grids
with EV batteries in a cost-efficient manner. The
simulation-based approach is applied to enable the
execution of a distributed system with the simulation of
a local distribution grid, including a number of charging
stations and EVs. A simulation system has been
constructed to support the simulation-based approach. The
evaluation has been carried out by executing the scenario
related to balancing local distribution grids with EV
batteries in a step-by-step manner. The evaluation
results indicate that the simulation-based approach is
able to facilitate the evaluation of smart grid- and
EV-related communication protocols, control algorithms
for charging, and functionalities of local distribution
grids as part of a complex, critical cyber-physical
system. In addition, the simulation system is able to
incorporate advanced methods for monitoring, controlling,
tracking, and modeling behavior. The simulation model of
the local distribution grid can be executed with the
smart control of charging and discharging powers of the
EVs according to the load situation in the local
distribution grid. The resulting simulation system can be
applied to the study of balancing local smart grids with
EV batteries. Based on the evaluation results, it is
estimated that the simulation-based approach can provide
an essential, safe, and cost-efficient method for the
evaluation of complex, critical cyber-physical systems,
such as smart grids.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 81-108 |
| Journal | Systems |
| Volume | 3 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2015 |
| MoE publication type | A1 Journal article-refereed |
Keywords
- complex systems
- systems engineering
- simulation systems
- smart grids
- electric vehicles
- control systems