Spectrally Tunable 2D Material-Based Infrared Photodetectors for Intelligent Optoelectronics

Junheon Ha; Yingshan Ma; Yong Nam An; Sung-Un An; Hyeon Hak Jung; Suvi-Tuuli Varjamo; Jiwon Yoo; Junho Min; Hanvit Kim; Faisal Ahmed; Sang Hoon Chae; Dong-Ho Kang; Zhipei Sun; Hyeon-Jin Shin; Yunyun Dai; Hoon Hahn Yoon

doi:10.1002/ADFM.202519542

Spectrally Tunable 2D Material-Based Infrared Photodetectors for Intelligent Optoelectronics

Junheon Ha
, Yingshan Ma
, Yong Nam An
, Sung-Un An
, Hyeon Hak Jung
, Suvi-Tuuli Varjamo
, Jiwon Yoo
, Junho Min
, Hanvit Kim
, Faisal Ahmed
, Sang Hoon Chae
, Dong-Ho Kang^*
, Zhipei Sun
, Hyeon-Jin Shin^*
, Yunyun Dai^*
, Hoon Hahn Yoon^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

BA6211 Nanoelectronics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review Article › peer-review

Abstract

The evolution of intelligent optoelectronic systems is driven by artificial intelligence (AI). However, their practical realization hinges on the ability to dynamically capture and process optical signals across a broad infrared (IR) spectrum. Central to this capability are IR photodetectors (PDs) based on 2D materials (2DMs), which offer tunable spectral responsivity and wavelength-resolved multiparameter optical information. This review examines the fundamental mechanisms and design strategies that enable spectral tunability at the frontier of 2DM-based IR PDs, elucidating how they offer unique opportunities to tailor spectral responses across a broad wavelength range through symmetry-breaking induced by geometric (geometrically tunable spectral engineering) and electric-field (electrically tunable spectral engineering) effects. These approaches collectively enable simultaneous optimization of spectral tunability and sensitivity without compromising wavelength coverage, speed, power efficiency, or scalability, while also providing polarization sensitivity, multiband detection, and self-powered operation for edge-integrated AI platforms, including computational spectroscopy, artificial vision, computing, and communications. This review outlines the key processes and integration requirements for scalable manufacturing, which are essential for establishing spectrally tunable 2DM-based IR PDs as core building blocks of intelligent optoelectronics. Ultimately, the development of spectrally tunable 2DM-based IR PDs will transform intelligent optoelectronic platforms for or with AI

Original language	English
Article number	e19542
Number of pages	59
Journal	Advanced Functional Materials
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1002/ADFM.202519542
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 2 Dec 2025
MoE publication type	A2 Review article in a scientific journal

Funding

J.H., Y.M., Y.N.A., and S.‐U.A., contributed equally to this work. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant, funded by the Korean Government's Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) with Grant Nos. RS‐2024‐00355248 (to D.‐H.K.), RS‐2024‐00352458 (to H.‐J.S.), RS‐2025‐23323230 (to H.‐J.S.), and RS‐2025‐00561110 (to H.H.Y.); the Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program, funded by the Korean Government's Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE) with Grant No. RS‐2024‐00431676 (to H.H.Y.); the Regional Innovation Mega Project program, funded by the MSIT with Grant No. 2023‐DD‐UP‐0015 (to D.‐H.K.); the State Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Advanced Light Field Display, Center for Interdisciplinary Science of Optical Quantum and NEMS Integration, Beijing Institute of Technology (to Y.D.); the National Natural Science Foundation of China with Grant No. 62375020 (to Y.D.); the National Key Research and Development Program of China with Grant Nos. 2022YFA1403302 (to Y.D.) and 2024YFA1410500 (to Y.D.); the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) Internal Project, funded by the MSIT with Grant No. 24YR1310 (to H.H.Y. and H.K.); the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) Grant, funded by the MSIT with Grant No. RS‐2025‐00516669 (to H.‐J.S.); the Future‐Leading Specialized Research Project, funded by the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) (to D.‐H.K., H.‐J.S., and H.H.Y.); the AI‐Based GIST Research Scientist Project, funded by the GIST (to H.H.Y.); the InnoCORE Program, funded by the MSIT with Grant No. GIST InnoCORE KH0830 (to Y.M.S. and H.‐J.S.); and the Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young Faculty, funded by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China with Grant No. ZYGXQNJSKYCXNLZCXM‐E8 (W.C.).

Keywords

tunable spectral engineering
infrared photodetectors
2D materials
intelligent optoelectronics

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Ha, J., Ma, Y., An, Y. N., An, S.-U., Jung, H. H., Varjamo, S.-T., Yoo, J., Min, J., Kim, H., Ahmed, F., Chae, S. H., Kang, D.-H., Sun, Z., Shin, H.-J., Dai, Y., & Yoon, H. H. (2025). Spectrally Tunable 2D Material-Based Infrared Photodetectors for Intelligent Optoelectronics. Advanced Functional Materials, Article e19542. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/ADFM.202519542

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abstract = "The evolution of intelligent optoelectronic systems is driven by artificial intelligence (AI). However, their practical realization hinges on the ability to dynamically capture and process optical signals across a broad infrared (IR) spectrum. Central to this capability are IR photodetectors (PDs) based on 2D materials (2DMs), which offer tunable spectral responsivity and wavelength-resolved multiparameter optical information. This review examines the fundamental mechanisms and design strategies that enable spectral tunability at the frontier of 2DM-based IR PDs, elucidating how they offer unique opportunities to tailor spectral responses across a broad wavelength range through symmetry-breaking induced by geometric (geometrically tunable spectral engineering) and electric-field (electrically tunable spectral engineering) effects. These approaches collectively enable simultaneous optimization of spectral tunability and sensitivity without compromising wavelength coverage, speed, power efficiency, or scalability, while also providing polarization sensitivity, multiband detection, and self-powered operation for edge-integrated AI platforms, including computational spectroscopy, artificial vision, computing, and communications. This review outlines the key processes and integration requirements for scalable manufacturing, which are essential for establishing spectrally tunable 2DM-based IR PDs as core building blocks of intelligent optoelectronics. Ultimately, the development of spectrally tunable 2DM-based IR PDs will transform intelligent optoelectronic platforms for or with AI",

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AU - Kim, Hanvit

AU - Ahmed, Faisal

AU - Chae, Sang Hoon

AU - Kang, Dong-Ho

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AB - The evolution of intelligent optoelectronic systems is driven by artificial intelligence (AI). However, their practical realization hinges on the ability to dynamically capture and process optical signals across a broad infrared (IR) spectrum. Central to this capability are IR photodetectors (PDs) based on 2D materials (2DMs), which offer tunable spectral responsivity and wavelength-resolved multiparameter optical information. This review examines the fundamental mechanisms and design strategies that enable spectral tunability at the frontier of 2DM-based IR PDs, elucidating how they offer unique opportunities to tailor spectral responses across a broad wavelength range through symmetry-breaking induced by geometric (geometrically tunable spectral engineering) and electric-field (electrically tunable spectral engineering) effects. These approaches collectively enable simultaneous optimization of spectral tunability and sensitivity without compromising wavelength coverage, speed, power efficiency, or scalability, while also providing polarization sensitivity, multiband detection, and self-powered operation for edge-integrated AI platforms, including computational spectroscopy, artificial vision, computing, and communications. This review outlines the key processes and integration requirements for scalable manufacturing, which are essential for establishing spectrally tunable 2DM-based IR PDs as core building blocks of intelligent optoelectronics. Ultimately, the development of spectrally tunable 2DM-based IR PDs will transform intelligent optoelectronic platforms for or with AI

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Spectrally Tunable 2D Material-Based Infrared Photodetectors for Intelligent Optoelectronics

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