State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain

Laura Salmela; Jussi Okkonen; Roosa Heikkiniemi

doi:10.54941/ahfe1005808

State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain

Laura Salmela^*
, Jussi Okkonen
, Roosa Heikkiniemi

^*Corresponding author for this work

BA6406 Critical cyber physical systems

Tampere University

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference article in proceedings › Scientific › peer-review

Abstract

Advanced situational awareness and decision-making systems in the security domain heavily build upon versatile combinations of different artificial intelligence models, potentially including their earlier versions. Often, the broad variety of implemented algorithms results in complex system architectures which may challenge human comprehension of expert users. System performance is frequently evaluated by different technical metrics against various data sets, such as model accuracy, precision, and recall. However, without any consideration of human-autonomy teaming or human-system interaction, the possibilities of executing comprehensive system assessments are likely to remain limited. This systematic review examines the current state-of-the-art in human-centric studies on situational awareness systems applying machine learning or artificial intelligence as key technologies. Our findings are based on up to 40 studies that were identified in our literature searches. This paper outlines the transition in research on the domain and current trends. It also discusses the research gap on human-centric approach.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2025): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems
Subtitle of host publication	Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems
Editors	Tareq Ahram, Waldemar Karwowski, Carlo Martino, Giuseppe Di Bucchianico, Vincenzo Maselli
Publisher	AHFE International
Pages	35-44
Number of pages	10
ISBN (Electronic)	978-1-964867-36-6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005808
Publication status	Published - 2025
MoE publication type	A4 Article in a conference publication
Event	8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems, IHSI 2025 - Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Rome, Italy Duration: 24 Feb 2025 → 25 Feb 2025

Conference

Conference	8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems, IHSI 2025
Country/Territory	Italy
City	Rome
Period	24/02/25 → 25/02/25

Funding

The work of the primary author has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101073985.

Keywords

Situational Awareness
Artificial Intelligence
Security
Human-System Interaction

Access to Document

10.54941/ahfe1005808

EURMARS: An advanced surveillance platform to improve the EURopean Multi Authority BordeR Security efficiency and cooperation
Salmela, L. (Manager), Toivonen, S. (Participant), Laarni, J. (Participant), Väätänen, A. (Participant), Lintonen, T. (Participant) & Keränen, J. (Participant)
1/10/22 → 30/09/25
Project: EU project

Cite this

Salmela, L., Okkonen, J., & Heikkiniemi, R. (2025). State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain. In T. Ahram, W. Karwowski, C. Martino, G. Di Bucchianico, & V. Maselli (Eds.), Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2025): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems (pp. 35-44). AHFE International. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005808

Salmela, Laura ; Okkonen, Jussi ; Heikkiniemi, Roosa. / State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain. Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2025): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. editor / Tareq Ahram ; Waldemar Karwowski ; Carlo Martino ; Giuseppe Di Bucchianico ; Vincenzo Maselli. AHFE International, 2025. pp. 35-44

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abstract = "Advanced situational awareness and decision-making systems in the security domain heavily build upon versatile combinations of different artificial intelligence models, potentially including their earlier versions. Often, the broad variety of implemented algorithms results in complex system architectures which may challenge human comprehension of expert users. System performance is frequently evaluated by different technical metrics against various data sets, such as model accuracy, precision, and recall. However, without any consideration of human-autonomy teaming or human-system interaction, the possibilities of executing comprehensive system assessments are likely to remain limited. This systematic review examines the current state-of-the-art in human-centric studies on situational awareness systems applying machine learning or artificial intelligence as key technologies. Our findings are based on up to 40 studies that were identified in our literature searches. This paper outlines the transition in research on the domain and current trends. It also discusses the research gap on human-centric approach.",

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booktitle = "Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2025): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems",

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Salmela, L, Okkonen, J & Heikkiniemi, R 2025, State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain. in T Ahram, W Karwowski, C Martino, G Di Bucchianico & V Maselli (eds), Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2025): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, pp. 35-44, 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems, IHSI 2025, Rome, Italy, 24/02/25. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005808

State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain. / Salmela, Laura; Okkonen, Jussi; Heikkiniemi, Roosa.
Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2025): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. ed. / Tareq Ahram; Waldemar Karwowski; Carlo Martino; Giuseppe Di Bucchianico; Vincenzo Maselli. AHFE International, 2025. p. 35-44.

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference article in proceedings › Scientific › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain

AU - Salmela, Laura

AU - Okkonen, Jussi

AU - Heikkiniemi, Roosa

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - Advanced situational awareness and decision-making systems in the security domain heavily build upon versatile combinations of different artificial intelligence models, potentially including their earlier versions. Often, the broad variety of implemented algorithms results in complex system architectures which may challenge human comprehension of expert users. System performance is frequently evaluated by different technical metrics against various data sets, such as model accuracy, precision, and recall. However, without any consideration of human-autonomy teaming or human-system interaction, the possibilities of executing comprehensive system assessments are likely to remain limited. This systematic review examines the current state-of-the-art in human-centric studies on situational awareness systems applying machine learning or artificial intelligence as key technologies. Our findings are based on up to 40 studies that were identified in our literature searches. This paper outlines the transition in research on the domain and current trends. It also discusses the research gap on human-centric approach.

AB - Advanced situational awareness and decision-making systems in the security domain heavily build upon versatile combinations of different artificial intelligence models, potentially including their earlier versions. Often, the broad variety of implemented algorithms results in complex system architectures which may challenge human comprehension of expert users. System performance is frequently evaluated by different technical metrics against various data sets, such as model accuracy, precision, and recall. However, without any consideration of human-autonomy teaming or human-system interaction, the possibilities of executing comprehensive system assessments are likely to remain limited. This systematic review examines the current state-of-the-art in human-centric studies on situational awareness systems applying machine learning or artificial intelligence as key technologies. Our findings are based on up to 40 studies that were identified in our literature searches. This paper outlines the transition in research on the domain and current trends. It also discusses the research gap on human-centric approach.

KW - Situational Awareness

KW - Artificial Intelligence

KW - Security

KW - Human-System Interaction

U2 - 10.54941/ahfe1005808

DO - 10.54941/ahfe1005808

M3 - Conference article in proceedings

SP - 35

EP - 44

BT - Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2025): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems

A2 - Ahram, Tareq

A2 - Karwowski, Waldemar

A2 - Martino, Carlo

A2 - Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe

A2 - Maselli, Vincenzo

PB - AHFE International

T2 - 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems, IHSI 2025

Y2 - 24 February 2025 through 25 February 2025

ER -

Salmela L, Okkonen J, Heikkiniemi R. State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain. In Ahram T, Karwowski W, Martino C, Di Bucchianico G, Maselli V, editors, Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2025): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International. 2025. p. 35-44 doi: 10.54941/ahfe1005808

State-of-the-Art in Human-Centric Studies of AI-Enhanced Situational Awareness within the Security Domain

Abstract

Conference

Funding

Keywords

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Projects

EURMARS: An advanced surveillance platform to improve the EURopean Multi Authority BordeR Security efficiency and cooperation

Cite this