Abstract
This study presents a stochastic bidding strategy for electrical vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) to participate in frequency containment reserves (FCRs) markets. To achieve this, the study starts by developing deterministic models to calculate the maximum FCR that could be provided by each charging event (cycle) of an electric vehicle. These models are established based on the technical requirements of FCR in the Nordic flexibility market, namely the frequency containment reserve for normal operation and frequency containment reserve for disturbances. These deterministic models will be combined with historical data of charging records in EVCS to develop a methodology to calculate the probability density functions of the FCR profiles. Finally, the optimum FCR profiles, which maximise the expected profit of EVCS from participating in the dayahead flexibility market, are estimated by performing a stochastic optimisation. The proposed methodology is evaluated by using empirical charging data of public EVCS in the Helsinki area.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 2566-2572 |
| Journal | IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution |
| Volume | 14 |
| Issue number | 13 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 3 Jul 2020 |
| MoE publication type | A1 Journal article-refereed |
Funding
The research leading to this work was being carried out as a part of the EU-SysFlex project (Pan-European system with an efficient, coordinated use of flexibilities for the integration of a large share of RES), which received funding from the EU's Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement no. 773505.
