Techno-economic analysis of the flexibility potential in Positive Energy Buildings

Plus Energy Buildings (PEBs) have higher investment costs due to higher insulation standards, innovative heating systems, and integrated renewable energy solutions. These costs are only partially offset by energy savings or the sale of surplus photovoltaic (PV) electricity. However, PEBs offer the potential for additional revenues from using flexibilities due to their advanced energy management systems and flexible technologies, such as heat pumps or batteries. This study examines cost savings from flexibility optimization in four PEBs located in Austria, Finland, Spain, and Belgium, focusing on reducing electricity costs under fixed and flexible electricity tariffs. Results show that the optimal control of flexible demand reduces electricity costs, with savings varying by building characteristics, thermal storage capacity, and regional climate conditions.