Technology foresight in scalar innovation systems: A spatiotemporal process perspective

In this paper we discuss the concept of scalar innovation systems in the Nordic countries. We use empirical examples of a transnational foresight project, and provide a literature-based formulation of a scalar innovation system model that combines temporal and spatial dimensions. Our research examples show that geographical scaling brings forth new research problems and approaches for the development of innovation systems. We claim that understandings of the effects of geographical scaling are a critical element in the innovation landscape. These spatiotemporal interconnections comprise the essence of "scales" in this text. We conclude by addressing the key dimensions that are the basis for theoretical assessment of spatially bound innovation systems.