Textile Dyes in Wastewater and its Impact on Human and Environment: Focus on Bioremediation

Abstract: The increasing prevalence of synthetic dyes in wastewater has become a significant environmental issue, mostly because of their extensive utilization in diverse industries such as textiles, food manufacturing, and pharmaceuticals. These dyes, frequently discharged without treatment into water bodies or employed for irrigation, present substantial hazards to human health and ecosystems. This review manuscript specifically examines the environmental consequences of wastewater containing dyes and explores the viability of bioremediation as an environmentally friendly treatment approach. Typically, the presence of dyes in wastewater diminishes the entry of visible light into bodies of water, which has a negative impact on photosynthesis and, subsequently, the entire ecological food chain. Furthermore, they demonstrate carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic characteristics, resulting in harmful impacts on plants, animals, and humans. Conventional chemical treatment procedures are widely used but necessitate effective sludge management. On the other hand, biological remediation provides an environmentally benign and energy-efficient option by employing different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and enzymes. This research discusses the potential of different plants and their derivatives to serve as bio adsorbents for dye degradation. Hence, the process of using bioremediation to remove dyes from wastewater shows great potential in reducing pollution caused by dyes.