Ultra low noise and high stability receivers of Planck LFI

Physics & Astronomy

• low noise 100%
• receivers 85%
• sky 73%
• low frequencies 72%
• transistor amplifiers 39%
• microwaves 34%
• indium phosphides 33%
• radiometers 30%
• European Space Agency 29%
• operating temperature 27%
• high electron mobility transistors 26%
• cryogenics 24%
• requirements 17%
• anisotropy 16%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Microwaves 45%
• Indium phosphide 42%
• Radiometers 34%
• High electron mobility transistors 29%
• Cryogenics 27%
• Anisotropy 26%
• Imaging techniques 19%
• Temperature 10%