@inproceedings{3194204fc14b4508a7aad5b898db50e1,
title = "Use of material characterization to complement fracture mechanics in the analysis of two pressure vessels for further service in a hydrogenating high-temperature process",
abstract = "Cracks of significant size were found in two chemical process pressure vessels after around 100 000-h service. The finding warranted fracture mechanics evaluation of further service fitness. This was done in five steps: fracture toughness measurements including determination of aging effects, loading limit identification including estimation of further aging and hydrogen effects, stress-intensity factor calculations, material and cracking mechanism investigation, and recommendations of precautions. The principal reason for crack formation was found to have been hydrogen attack due to local insufficient alloying in repair welds. Sufficient safety margins for further service were provided by a combination of precautions during startup and shutdown operations, low-working stresses, and sufficient fracture toughness as well as a detailed service record. Recommendations for further precautions included more frequent and intensified recurrent inspection, inert gas pressurization, and limitation of process pressures at ambient and lower temperatures during startups and shutdowns.",
author = "Klaus Rahka",
year = "1986",
doi = "10.1520/STP19324S",
language = "English",
isbn = "978-0-8031-0485-3",
series = "ASTM Special Technical Publication",
publisher = "American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)",
pages = "3--30",
editor = "C.M. Hudson and T.P. Rich",
booktitle = "Case Histories Involving Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics",
address = "United States",
note = "ASTM Symposium on Fracture Testing ; Conference date: 21-03-1985 Through 22-03-1985",
}