Using an oxidation flow reactor to understand the effects of gasoline aromatics and ethanol levels on secondary aerosol formation

Niina Kuittinen; Cavan McCaffery; Stephen Zimmerman; Roya Bahreini; Pauli Simonen; Panu Karjalainen; Jorma Keskinen; Topi Rönkkö; Georgios Karavalakis

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111453

Using an oxidation flow reactor to understand the effects of gasoline aromatics and ethanol levels on secondary aerosol formation

Niina Kuittinen, Cavan McCaffery, Stephen Zimmerman, Roya Bahreini, Pauli Simonen, Panu Karjalainen, Jorma Keskinen, Topi Rönkkö, Georgios Karavalakis^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Not published at VTT

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

7 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Fuel type and composition affect tailpipe emissions and secondary aerosol production from mobile sources. This study assessed the influence of gasoline fuels with varying levels of aromatics and ethanol on the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a flexible fuel vehicle equipped with a port fuel injection engine. The vehicle was exercised over the LA92 and US06 driving cycles using a chassis dynamometer. Secondary aerosol formation potential was measured using a fast oxidation flow reactor. Results showed that the high aromatics fuels led to higher gaseous regulated emissions, as well as particulate matter (PM), black carbon, and total and solid particle number. The high ethanol content fuel (E78) resulted in reductions for the gaseous regulated pollutants and particulate emissions, with some exceptions where elevated emissions were seen for this fuel compared to both E10 fuels, depending on the driving cycle. Secondary aerosol formation potential was dominated by the cold-start phase and increased for the high aromatics fuel. Secondary aerosol formation was seen in lower levels for E78 due to the lower formation of precursor emissions using this fuel. In addition, operating driving conditions and aftertreatment efficiency played a major role on secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation, indicating that fuel properties, driving conditions, and exhaust aftertreatment should be considered when evaluating the emissions of secondary aerosol precursors from mobile sources.

Original language	English
Article number	111453
Journal	Environmental Research
Volume	200
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111453
Publication status	Published - Sept 2021
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

The authors thank the late Mr. Kurt Bumiller for helping setting up the experiment and dedicate this publication to his memory. We thank Mr. Mark Villela and Mr. Daniel Gomez of the University of California, Riverside for their contribution in conducting testing for this research program. We acknowledge funding from CARTEEH (Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), a US Department of Transportation's University Transportation Center, and USDA-NIFA Hatch (Project No. CA-R-ENS-5072-H , Accession No. 1015963). Niina Kuittinen acknowledges funding from Tampere University Graduate School and the American-Scandinavian Foundation . Niina Kuittinen and Topi Rönkkö acknowledges funding for the Black Carbon Footprint project, granted by Business Finland , Finnish authorities and companies.

Keywords

Ethanol blends
Gasoline aromatics
Oxidation flow reactor
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA)
Vehicle Emissions/analysis
Ethanol
Air Pollutants/analysis
Aerosols
Gasoline/analysis

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10.1016/j.envres.2021.111453

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title = "Using an oxidation flow reactor to understand the effects of gasoline aromatics and ethanol levels on secondary aerosol formation",

abstract = "Fuel type and composition affect tailpipe emissions and secondary aerosol production from mobile sources. This study assessed the influence of gasoline fuels with varying levels of aromatics and ethanol on the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a flexible fuel vehicle equipped with a port fuel injection engine. The vehicle was exercised over the LA92 and US06 driving cycles using a chassis dynamometer. Secondary aerosol formation potential was measured using a fast oxidation flow reactor. Results showed that the high aromatics fuels led to higher gaseous regulated emissions, as well as particulate matter (PM), black carbon, and total and solid particle number. The high ethanol content fuel (E78) resulted in reductions for the gaseous regulated pollutants and particulate emissions, with some exceptions where elevated emissions were seen for this fuel compared to both E10 fuels, depending on the driving cycle. Secondary aerosol formation potential was dominated by the cold-start phase and increased for the high aromatics fuel. Secondary aerosol formation was seen in lower levels for E78 due to the lower formation of precursor emissions using this fuel. In addition, operating driving conditions and aftertreatment efficiency played a major role on secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation, indicating that fuel properties, driving conditions, and exhaust aftertreatment should be considered when evaluating the emissions of secondary aerosol precursors from mobile sources.",

keywords = "Ethanol blends, Gasoline aromatics, Oxidation flow reactor, Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), Vehicle Emissions/analysis, Ethanol, Air Pollutants/analysis, Aerosols, Gasoline/analysis",

author = "Niina Kuittinen and Cavan McCaffery and Stephen Zimmerman and Roya Bahreini and Pauli Simonen and Panu Karjalainen and Jorma Keskinen and Topi R{\"o}nkk{\"o} and Georgios Karavalakis",

note = "Funding Information: The authors thank the late Mr. Kurt Bumiller for helping setting up the experiment and dedicate this publication to his memory. We thank Mr. Mark Villela and Mr. Daniel Gomez of the University of California, Riverside for their contribution in conducting testing for this research program. We acknowledge funding from CARTEEH (Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), a US Department of Transportation's University Transportation Center, and USDA-NIFA Hatch (Project No. CA-R-ENS-5072-H , Accession No. 1015963). Niina Kuittinen acknowledges funding from Tampere University Graduate School and the American-Scandinavian Foundation . Niina Kuittinen and Topi R{\"o}nkk{\"o} acknowledges funding for the Black Carbon Footprint project, granted by Business Finland , Finnish authorities and companies. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Elsevier Inc.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.envres.2021.111453",

language = "English",

volume = "200",

journal = "Environmental Research",

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T1 - Using an oxidation flow reactor to understand the effects of gasoline aromatics and ethanol levels on secondary aerosol formation

AU - Kuittinen, Niina

AU - McCaffery, Cavan

AU - Zimmerman, Stephen

AU - Bahreini, Roya

AU - Simonen, Pauli

AU - Karjalainen, Panu

AU - Keskinen, Jorma

AU - Rönkkö, Topi

AU - Karavalakis, Georgios

N1 - Funding Information: The authors thank the late Mr. Kurt Bumiller for helping setting up the experiment and dedicate this publication to his memory. We thank Mr. Mark Villela and Mr. Daniel Gomez of the University of California, Riverside for their contribution in conducting testing for this research program. We acknowledge funding from CARTEEH (Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), a US Department of Transportation's University Transportation Center, and USDA-NIFA Hatch (Project No. CA-R-ENS-5072-H , Accession No. 1015963). Niina Kuittinen acknowledges funding from Tampere University Graduate School and the American-Scandinavian Foundation . Niina Kuittinen and Topi Rönkkö acknowledges funding for the Black Carbon Footprint project, granted by Business Finland , Finnish authorities and companies. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier Inc.

PY - 2021/9

Y1 - 2021/9

N2 - Fuel type and composition affect tailpipe emissions and secondary aerosol production from mobile sources. This study assessed the influence of gasoline fuels with varying levels of aromatics and ethanol on the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a flexible fuel vehicle equipped with a port fuel injection engine. The vehicle was exercised over the LA92 and US06 driving cycles using a chassis dynamometer. Secondary aerosol formation potential was measured using a fast oxidation flow reactor. Results showed that the high aromatics fuels led to higher gaseous regulated emissions, as well as particulate matter (PM), black carbon, and total and solid particle number. The high ethanol content fuel (E78) resulted in reductions for the gaseous regulated pollutants and particulate emissions, with some exceptions where elevated emissions were seen for this fuel compared to both E10 fuels, depending on the driving cycle. Secondary aerosol formation potential was dominated by the cold-start phase and increased for the high aromatics fuel. Secondary aerosol formation was seen in lower levels for E78 due to the lower formation of precursor emissions using this fuel. In addition, operating driving conditions and aftertreatment efficiency played a major role on secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation, indicating that fuel properties, driving conditions, and exhaust aftertreatment should be considered when evaluating the emissions of secondary aerosol precursors from mobile sources.

AB - Fuel type and composition affect tailpipe emissions and secondary aerosol production from mobile sources. This study assessed the influence of gasoline fuels with varying levels of aromatics and ethanol on the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a flexible fuel vehicle equipped with a port fuel injection engine. The vehicle was exercised over the LA92 and US06 driving cycles using a chassis dynamometer. Secondary aerosol formation potential was measured using a fast oxidation flow reactor. Results showed that the high aromatics fuels led to higher gaseous regulated emissions, as well as particulate matter (PM), black carbon, and total and solid particle number. The high ethanol content fuel (E78) resulted in reductions for the gaseous regulated pollutants and particulate emissions, with some exceptions where elevated emissions were seen for this fuel compared to both E10 fuels, depending on the driving cycle. Secondary aerosol formation potential was dominated by the cold-start phase and increased for the high aromatics fuel. Secondary aerosol formation was seen in lower levels for E78 due to the lower formation of precursor emissions using this fuel. In addition, operating driving conditions and aftertreatment efficiency played a major role on secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation, indicating that fuel properties, driving conditions, and exhaust aftertreatment should be considered when evaluating the emissions of secondary aerosol precursors from mobile sources.

KW - Ethanol blends

KW - Gasoline aromatics

KW - Oxidation flow reactor

KW - Secondary organic aerosol (SOA)

KW - Vehicle Emissions/analysis

KW - Ethanol

KW - Air Pollutants/analysis

KW - Aerosols

KW - Gasoline/analysis

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DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111453

M3 - Article

C2 - 34097893

AN - SCOPUS:85107570495

SN - 0013-9351

VL - 200

JO - Environmental Research

JF - Environmental Research

M1 - 111453

ER -

Using an oxidation flow reactor to understand the effects of gasoline aromatics and ethanol levels on secondary aerosol formation

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Keywords

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