@inproceedings{c2c9fed9a8e64c4baf6b867e74ea906a,
title = "ZnO and TiO2 particles: A study on nanosafety and photoprotection",
abstract = "Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are used in sunscreens as protective compounds against UV radiation. We investigate these particles from the viewpoint of nanosafety (penetration into skin in vivo, production of free radicals when UV-irradiated) as well as UV protection. We show that: a) even after multiple applications, the particles remain within stratum corneum (uppermost skin layer); b) the optimal sizes are 62 nm and 45 nm, respectively for TiO2 and ZnO particles for 310-nm light and, correspondingly, 122 and 140 nm - for 400-nm radiation; c) in general, small particles (25 nm in diameter) are more photoactive than the larger ones (400 nm in diameter); however, on the background if porcine skin in vitro this difference is not seen and is substantially surpassed by skin contribution into production of free radicals.",
keywords = "Nanoparticles, Nanosafety, Phototoxicity, Skin, Sunscreen, TiO, UV light, ZnO",
author = "Alexey Popov and Xin Zhao and Andrei Zvyagin and J{\"u}rgen Lademann and Michael Roberts and Washington Sanchez and Alexander Priezzhev and Risto Myllyl{\"a}",
year = "2010",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1117/12.854561",
language = "English",
isbn = "978-0-8194-8188-7",
series = "Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging",
publisher = "International Society for Optics and Photonics SPIE",
number = "41",
editor = "J{\"u}rgen Popp and Wolfgang Drexler and Tuchin, {Valery V.} and Matthews, {Dennis L.}",
booktitle = "Biophotonics",
address = "United States",
note = "Biophotonics : Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care II ; Conference date: 12-04-2010 Through 16-04-2010",
}